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Pathobiology > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Age-Related vs. Age-Induced

A

each age set has different diseases associated with it

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2
Q

Age-Related:

Over 65 Years

A 
heart disease 38.5%
cancer 19.6%
stroke 10.4%
chronic respiratory disease 7.9%
Alzheimer's disease 0.6%
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3
Q

Cognitive Dysfunction

A

diseases related to aging in the central nervous system

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4
Q

Senscence Genes

A

not entirely proven

responsible for aging

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5
Q

Cellular Senescence

A

diploid cells lose ability to divide

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6
Q

Replicative Senescence:

Hayflick Limit

A
  • some cells become senscent after a certian number of cycles
  • telomeres shorten in response to DNA damage and replication
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7
Q

Apoptosis

A

self-destruction of cells if genetic lesions is profound and irreparable

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8
Q

Mutation Accumulation Theory

A

life today doesn’t give in to natural selection the way it happens in the wild, without selection of the diseased and such mutations accumulate causing new and different diseases then what would happen in nature

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9
Q

Antagonistic Pleiotrophy Theory

A

the idea that some genes have a beneficial effect early in life become damaging later in life when its usefulness is over

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10
Q

Disposable Soma Theory

A

the idea that the body allocates energy to more important functions

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11
Q

Telomere Shortening

A

at each end of chromosomes
prevent fusion into rings or binding to each other
shorten each time the cell divides
when it becomes too short the DNA gets damaged and the cell dies

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12
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A

telomere shortening

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13
Q

Extrinsic Factor

A

free radical damage

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14
Q

Free Radical Damage

A

peroxides and singlet oxygen made in cells
generate free radicals
capable of damaging structural proteins and DNA

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15
Q

Progeria

A

accelerated aging disease in children
protein lamin A
die from atherosclerosis, such as heart attack or stroke

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16
Q

Nuclear Sclerosis

A

compression of lens fibers in central lens

results in haze in old dogs eyes

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17
Q

Presbyopia

A

lens lose some elasticity

compound by reduced contractility of the smooth muscle controlling lens shape

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18
Q

Retinal Atrophy

A

periphery of the retina

splitting of sensory retina due to the development of small cysts

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19
Q

Microcystoid Degeneration

A

splitting of sensory retina due to development of small cysts due to retinal dystrophy

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20
Q

Vitreal Liquefaction

A

normal vitreous filled with gelatinous material
between lens and retina
happens with age
results in retinal detachment

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21
Q

Rhematogenous Detachment

A

disease name for the process of complete retinal detachment

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22
Q

Asteroid Hyalosis

A

vitreal change

accumulation of small mineralized bodies composed of calcium, sulfur, and phosphorous in vitreal gel

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23
Q

Glaucoma

A

intraocular pressure rise
due to senescent deletrious changes in drainage angle between iris and cornea
also known as intraocular pressure

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24
Q

Hyaline Degeneration

A

affects ciliary body and associated vessels
results in accumulation of of amorphous material
arcus senilus of corneoscleral junction

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25
Q

Arcus Senilus

A

affects corneoscleral junction
due to lipid accumulation in the cornea
results in opaque arc or ring at the edge of the cornea

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26
Q

Drusen

A

acellular structures
accumulates behind non-sensory part of the retina
central retinal degeneration

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27
Q

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (MD)

A

in people
when too many large drusen formations in macula
associated with mutations in several proteins inhibiting the complement cascade

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28
Q

Complement System

A

part of the innate immune system

complements the activity of antibodies and white blood cells in eliminating pathogens

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29
Q

Benign Hyperplasia Nodules of the Liver

A

not preneoplastic

confuse vets in exploratory abdominal operations

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30
Q

Splenic Hyperplastic Nodules

A

common in the aging spleen due to proliferation of large aggregates of lymphocytes, some appear atypical

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31
Q

Siderotic Nodules

A

splenic deposition of iron plaques on elastin in the capsule

look more innocent than they are

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32
Q

Prostatic Hyperplasia

A

difficult urination and constipation

affected glands 4x their normal size

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33
Q

Pancreatic Hyperplasia

A

affects the exocrine pancreas

small flat white plaques on the surface of the gland

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34
Q

Osseous Metaplasia

A

form in the meninges

fibrosis and plaques of bone

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35
Q

Ventricular Enlargements

A

occurs in brain of 10+ year old dogs
toward front of brain
associated with reduced brain volume

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36
Q

Atrophy of the Frontal and Prefrontal Cortex

A

reduced cognitive function with deposition of one form of amyloid in extracellular plaques

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37
Q

Amyloid Deposits

A

brains of dogs
amount of amyloid peptide deposition varies
toxic to neurons
responsible for cell loss and atrophy in cerebral cortex and hippocampus

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38
Q

Neurofibrillary Tangles

A

occur in the cytoplasm of neurons
typical of AD
not seen in dogs with cognitive dysfunction

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39
Q

Forms of Cell Death

A

necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy, autolysis

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40
Q

Necrosis

A

‘becoming dead’

lethal degeneration of cells, tissues, organs

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41
Q

Apoptosis

A

‘separation falling’
under cellular control
‘programmed cell death’

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42
Q

Autophagy

A

‘self eat’
survival mechanism of cells
usually nutritionally related, starvation
when it can no longer cannibalize effect or duplicate organelles and other inracellular components

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43
Q

Autolysis

A

‘destruction’
post-mortem phenomenon
result of cellular disintegration induced by release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm and activities of post-mortem
quick lysis in intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, liver, kidney, retina
slow lysis in skin, bone, tendons
intermediate lysis in muscle, lungs
rate dependent on temperature and oxygen

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44
Q

Coagulative Necrosis

A

infract
process of cell death when arterial blood supply is abruptly lost
exp. heart attacks/strokes
denaturation of intracytoplastic protein
dead tissue that’s infracted will turn to connective scar tissue

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45
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis

A

dead tissue liquefies
in central nervous system (brain/spinal cord)
most evident where little connective tissue stroma
exp. abscess/boil
pus bacteria cause one class of white blood cells (neutrophils)

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46
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A

‘cheese-like’
caseating lesion, particularly in lymph nodes and lungs
TB?
due to presence of abundant lipid, coagulated protein.
often contain calcium

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47
Q

Fat Necrosis

A

‘steatonecrosis’
when adipose tissue dies
may occur after trauma to mammary tissue
white and dry

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48
Q

Gangrene

A

‘gnaw’
tissue necrosis occurs with with concurrent infection
two forms

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49
Q

Gangrene:

Gas

A

gas-forming bacteria
tissues crepitant due to carbon dioxide due to sugar fermentation
occurs in severe frost bite, ischemia, deep penetrating injuries, appendicitis

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50
Q

Gangrene:

Dry

A

gradual narrowing of blood vessels
frostbite in calves
some intoxications

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51
Q

Features of Necrosis

A

it has distinctive morphological features
energy independent
no protein synthesis occurs
triggers inflammation

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52
Q

Necrosis:

Mechanism

A

a fundamental concept is that the formation of free radicals is a final common pathway leading to cellular death

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53
Q

White Muscle Disease

A

‘nutritional myopathy’
calves, lambs, foals
muscular disease due to selenium deficiency
low vitamin E and low selenium

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54
Q

Free Radical Mechanisms

A 
spontaneous decay
superoxide dismutase
catalase
glutathione peroxidase
vitamin E
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55
Q

Free Radical Creation

A 
radiation
intoxication
aging
oxygen toxicity
inflammation
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56
Q

Features of Apoptosis

A 
morphologically distinct
energy dependent
requires protein synthesis
does not trigger inflammation
induced by extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
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57
Q

Liable Cells

A

constantly cycling, regenerate rapidly

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58
Q

Stable Cells

A

quiescent or slow cycling cells

maintain a capacity for cell division/regeneration

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59
Q

Permanent Cells

A

do not cycle

there is no meaningful capacity for regeneration

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60
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

surrounded by reserve/basal cells of the epidermis

in small intestine

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61
Q

Totipotential Stem Cells

A

from embryo

potential to differentiate along virtually any cell line

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62
Q

Pleuripotential Stem Cells

A

differentiate along multiple, but not all, cell lines

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63
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in the size of cells, tissues, organs as a whole

can be due to decrease of size in individual cells or decrease in number of cells

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64
Q

Involution

A

synonymous with atrophy
refers to normal physiological reduction in size of tissues or organs such as the pregnant uterus after parturition or decrease in size of thymus that occurs early in life

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65
Q

Atrophy:

Decreased Use

A

exp. skeletal muscle mass when limb is immobilized following a fracture
both types affected but 2 more severely

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66
Q

Atrophy:

Decreased or Faulty Nutrition

A

‘serous atrophy of fat’
body fat stores during dieting/starvation
white/tan fat stores converted to translucent, gelatinous tissue substance
results in atrophy of liver

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67
Q

Atrophy:

Inadequate Blood Flow

A

sudden abrupt/complete cessation of blood flow
causes necrosis to affected tissue (infraction)
exp. blood clots (thrombi or emboli) occluding blood vessels in the brain/heart causing stroke/heart attack
limiting oxygen and nutrients

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68
Q

Thrombi/Emboli

A

blood clot due to blood coagulation

intravascular mass capable of lodging

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69
Q

Atrophy:

Increased Local Pressure

A

space occupying lesion increasing pressure in surrounding tissues resulting in atrophy

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70
Q

Hydronephrosis/Hydrocephalus

A

one kidney swells due to back up of urine

fluid in skull due to brain swelling

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71
Q

Atrophy:

Hormones

A

chemicals produced in one part of the body

atrophy due to deficiency of a hormone

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72
Q

Ovariectomy

A

result in marked artophy of target tissues such as uterus and mammary gland

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73
Q

Atrophy of Thyroid Gland

A

thyroid gland/secretion of thyroid hormone are regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) produced by secretory neurons in the hypothalamus
if this area of hypothalamus is destroyed, TSH is no longer produced and thyroid glands atrophy

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74
Q

Atrophy:

Old Age

A

many tissues suffer some degree of atrophy during aging process
total body mass decreases
decrease in weight of some organs (brain, liver, kidney, spleen)

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75
Q

Atrophy:

Denervation

A

most applicable to skeletal muscle

when nerves to skeletal muscles are damaged, muscle becomes small and atrophic

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76
Q

Atrophy:

Immune Mechanisms

A

body develops antibodies against its own tissues

exp. pernicious anemia

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77
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

autoantibodies are produced against parietal cells of the gastric lining (mucosa) resulting in a loss of these cells and atrophy of the mucosa
also produce intrinsic factor

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78
Q

Pathogenesis of Anemia

A

1) intrinsic factor, required for the absorption of vitamin B12 from the small intestine is deficient
2) vitamin B12 is a cofactor for enzymes required for normal production of red blood cells

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79
Q

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

A

swelling of the thyroid gland resulting in reduced function

example of atrophy due to autoantibodies

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80
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

atrophy in thyroid gland leads to disturbances in the skin and fat metabolism
leads to hardening in the arteries

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81
Q

Hepatic Encephalopathy

A

when liver atrophy is caused by a portavacal shunt
encephalopathy is not due to atrophy due to the vascular anomaly shunts blood around the liver
the functional capacity for eliminating potential toxins from the blood such as ammonia remains but can’t be used

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82
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase the SIZE of individual size
exp. right-sided cardiac hypertorophy

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83
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the NUMBER of cells
exp. congenital hyperplastic

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84
Q

Dystocia

A

from congenital hyperplastic goiter in small ruminants from sufficiently large thyroid glands

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85
Q

Thyroid Glands

A

consists of follicles lined by cuboidal or coumnar epithelial cells
dense pink-staining amorphous proteinaceous fluid content of the follicles is call colloid

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86
Q

Brisket Disease:

‘Cor Pulmonale’

A

‘high altitude disease’
enlargement of skeletal muscles as pathological response
low oxygen tension at high altitudes results in reflex constriction of pulmonary arteries that increase intravascular pressures and work load on right ventricle enlarging it

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87
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

‘hyperadrenocorticism’
tumor of pituitary gland secretes excess ACTH
stimulates adrenal cortex to produce excess cortisol

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88
Q

ACTH

A

adrinocorticotropic hormone

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89
Q

Acromegaly

A

excess production of growth hormone resulting in increasing size of tissues over time

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90
Q

Erythropoietin

A

controls red cell production
produced in excess during anemia
bone marrow produces erythoropoietin

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91
Q

Excess Nutrition

A

obesity

dramatic increase in protein synthesis throughout the body

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92
Q

Increased Blood Flow

A

vascular tumors
fractures
osteomyelitis
-can increase length of limb due to increased blood flow

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93
Q

Mechanical Factors

A

skin callus at point of mechanical stress

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94
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

bone infection caused by bacteria

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95
Q

Metaplasia

A 
conversion of cells in a tissue or organ from one type to another
usually of the same class
in most cases connective tissue metaplasia insignificant
epithelial metaplasias highly significant
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96
Q

Metaplasia:

Chronic Irritation

A

following permanent tracheostomy
conversion of normal stratified columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium in skin/oral cavities
osteum (opening) not warm or moistened but turbid causing irritation

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97
Q

Florid Fibroplasia

A

connective tissue metaplasia
areas of repair
neoplasms with a proliferative connective tissue component
formation of fibrous tissue

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98
Q

Osseous Metaplasia

A

change of fibrous tissue from fibroplasia into bone

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99
Q

Nutritional Deficiency

A

Vitamin A
required for integrity of many sensitive epithelial tissues
results in the conversion of olumnar epithelial to stratified squamous epithelium in many tissues
exp. submucosal glands of the esophagus in avian species

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100
Q

Lacrimal Gland

A

gland above eyes that secretes tear film

can be affected by Vitamin A deficiency

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101
Q

Hormone Excess Neoplasm

A

Sertoli cell tumor

  • in testes of dogs, secretes estrogen
  • conversion of prostatic epithelial cells to stratified squamous epithelium
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102
Q

Metaplasia:

Examples

A
  • squamous metaplasia of submucosal glands in the esophagus can result in blockages and accumulation of keratinaceous debris in the duct lumens
  • squamous metaplasia of the urinary system in birds leads to partial obstruction, retention of urates, and gout
  • squamous metaplasia in the epithelium lining the trachea and bronchi deaden function predisposing to respiratory disease
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103
Q

Gout

A

arthritis

acid builds up in blood causing inflammation of joints

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104
Q

Dysplasia

A

disordered development or adaptation

refers to a proliferative response where there is disorderly replication and maturation of cells

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105
Q

Dysplasia:

Causes

A

cellular injury over time

constant low-grade injury that damages but doesn’t kill the cells

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106
Q

Preneoplastic

A

leads to development of cancer/tumors

also dysplasia

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107
Q

Melanoma

A

repeated life-long exposure to solar radiation
malignancy
(also basal and squamous cell carcinomas)
most dangerous skin cancer
leading cause of death in skin cancers

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108
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinomas

A

nonmelenoma cancer

due to repeated exposure to UV radiation

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109
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinomas of Animals

A
  • in conjunctiva and cornea of horses/cattle particularly those with little melanin pigment
  • of nasal planum and tips of ears in white cats
  • ‘hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma’ in sparsely haired lightly pigmented abdominal skin in some dogs
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110
Q

Hamangioma/Hemangiosarcoma

A
  • abnormal build of blood vessels

- very quickly growing invasive cancer, affects spleen and heart

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111
Q

Hyperplasia

A

wanes once inductive stimulus removed

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112
Q

Oncology

A

are and science of tumors

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113
Q

Neoplasia

A

‘new tissue’

encompasses benign and malignant masses

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114
Q

Cancer

A

literally means crab

means malignant neoplasm

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115
Q

Tumor/Mass/Growth

A

clinical swelling

used as synonyms for neoplasia

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116
Q

Benign

A 
'-oma'
generally well differentiated and not life threatening
resembles tissue of origin
tends to compress rather than invade
never metastasizes
low rates of mitosis
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117
Q

Malignant

A 
cells tend to be anaplastic
less differentiated
high mitotic rates
tends toward pleomorphism
grows rapidly
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118
Q

Pleomorphism

A

cells varying in size and shape

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119
Q

Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

associated with solar exposure

rapidly ulcerating mass

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120
Q

Metastasis

A

unequivocal sign of malignancy

spread from tissue of origin to another location

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121
Q

Carcinomas

A

arise from tissue derived from fetal ectoderm or endoderm

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122
Q

Sarcomas

A

arise from mesenchyme

-connective tissue, bone, cartilage, muscle

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123
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

mammary gland tissue tumor

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124
Q

Fibrosarecoma

A

arising from fibrous connective tissue

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125
Q

Carcinosarcomas

A

arise from epithelial and mesenchymal constituents

common in mammary tumors in dogs

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126
Q

Cutaneous Histiocytoma

A

‘button ulcer’
fast growing round cell tumor in young dogs
moderately pleomorphic from an antigen-presenting cell population in skin (dendritic cells)

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127
Q

Extramedullary Plasmacytoma

A

histologically looks malignant
rarely metastasizes
moderately pleomorphic
contains atypically large ‘giant’ cells

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128
Q

Aggressive Tumor in Dogs

A

histologically low-grade yet biologically high-grade fibrosarcoma of the canine mandible and maxilla

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129
Q

Grading and Staging

A

clinical versus pathological

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130
Q

Kaplan-Meier Curves

A

biological meaning in the form of long-term survival as predicted by histological grade on size and location of tumor and pleomorphism, anaplasia, tissue necrosis, and mitotic rate

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131
Q

Anaplasia

A

loss of differentiation in cells

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132
Q

Immunohistochemsitry

A

characterize the antigenic content of tumors

detection of estrogen/progesterone for breast cancer detection

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133
Q

Molecular Profiling

A

use of microarray technology

mRNA extracted from patient’s tumor is analyzed to determine which genes are up and down regulated

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134
Q

TNM Staging System

A 
T= tumor
N= lymph node
M= metastasis
0, I, II, III, IV
based on number 1-4 assigned to TNM
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135
Q

Stage 0

A

exp. carcinoma in in situ

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136
Q

Stage 1

A

exp. invaded a little into tissue of origin

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137
Q

Stage II

A

exp. invaded tissue extensively

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138
Q

Stage III

A

exp. spread to local lymph nodes

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139
Q

Stage IV

A

exp. extensive metastasis throughout the body

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140
Q

Staging

A

takes into account size of tumor, depth of penetration, whether it invades adjacent organs, how many lymph nodes have metastases, whether there is spread to distant organs

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141
Q

Causes of Cancer

A 
neoplastic
trauma/physical
age-related
nutritional
intoxication
infectious
genetic/development
immune-mediated
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142
Q

Trauma/Physical

A

burns, solar and x-irradiation, foreign body material
sarcomas at microchip sites
unclear if inflammation is what results in neoplasm or not

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143
Q

Age-Related

A

most cancers occur in second half of life
-accumulation of somatic mutations
-age-related decline in immune competence/surveillance
leukemia in children

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144
Q

Secondary Cancer

A

effects cancer-survivors

high rate post treatment

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145
Q

Infectious

A

relatively common cause of cancer in young animals

sequel to Helicobacter pylori

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146
Q

Nutritional

A

high-fat diets

alcohol

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147
Q

Genetic

A

little information
estimated 10%
BRCA-1 and -2 in breast cancer

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148
Q

Immune-Mediated

A

in immunosuppressed

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149
Q

Neoplasm Components

A

tumor population
supporting fibrous connective tissue matrix
blood supply
inflammation

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150
Q

Neoplasm Components:

Nerves

A

most lack nerve supply

pain comes from compression on surrounding tissues

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151
Q

Neoplasm Components:

Inflammation

A

due to tumor antigens, necrosis, or both

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152
Q

Scirrhous or Desmoplastic Reactions

A

evoke little connective tissue

induce excessive response

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153
Q

DFTD:

Devil Facial Tumor Disease

A 
unusual transmissible tumor
-only other transmissible venereal tumor
spread similar to infectious disease
fatal within 6-9 months
affected by 2
100% fatal within 6 months of appearance
transmitted during fighting/eating
clonal cell line originating in one animal then serially propagated
only 13 chromosomes instead of 14
probably originated from Schwann cells which are responsible for myelin sheath around peripheral nerves
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154
Q

DFTD:

Pathogenesis

A

allografts establish in fresh bitten hosts
evade immune surveillance
develop into large masses that affect breathing, vision and eating

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155
Q

Tumor Genes

A

oncogenes

tumor suppressors

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156
Q

Oncogenes

A

cause transformation of normal cells into tumor cells

encode oncoproteins

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157
Q

Oncoproteins

A

proteins responsible for cellular transformation

158
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

genes that if mutated or expressed at a high level can become oncogenes

159
Q

Oncogenes:

Categories

A 
growth factors
growth factor receptors
cell cycle regulators
signal transducers
regulatory proteins
('green light' for cell growth)
(lead to gain of function)
160
Q

Oncogenic

A

activate gene expression or gene function

  • gene amplification
  • gene translocation
  • promoter insertion
161
Q

Cyclin B

A

cell cycle regulator
regulates M phase of mitosis
deregulation leads to cellular transformation
(unregulated proliferation)

162
Q

MYC

A

transcription factor that regulates transcription of genes that lead to cell proliferation

163
Q

Tumor Suppressors

A

usually must lose/mutate both copies of gene/allele
loss of function
play critical role in controlling normal cell growth
-many regulate proliferation by governing movement of cell through cell cycle

164
Q

Tumor Suppressors:

Categories

A

DNA repair regulators
regulators of apoptosis (cellular suicide)
intracelllular signal transduction regulators

165
Q

p53

A

‘cellular policeman’
not involved in normal cell cycle regulation
increased amount/lifespan of p53 during times of DNA damage
regulates entry into cell cycle
stimulates DNA repair genes

166
Q

p53:

Inactivation

A 
mutations
viral proteins (papilloma viruses)
cellular proteins
-inactivated = loss of function
*greater than 50% of human neoplasms contain a mutation in p53
167
Q

Metastasis

A

spread from site of origin to distant site
primarily via lymphatics (carcinomas) or blood vessels (sarcomas)
tumors originating in the eye or CNS rarely metastasize
no benign tumors metastasize

168
Q

Metastasis:

Blood (Hematogenous) Pathway

A

‘1st capillary bed theory’
easy for tumor cells to get caught
-liver/lungs common sites for metastatic tumors
more complicated in reality

169
Q

Metastasis:

Lymphatics

A

connected to blood circulation

-not completely separate from hematogenous

170
Q

Metastasis:

Implantation (Transcoelomic)

A

tumor breaks through lining of organ, tumor cells are shed ad coat adjacent organs
carcinomatosis

171
Q

Carcinomatosis

A

seeding of the body cavities with tumor metastases

172
Q

Mechanism for Metastasis

A

1) cells detach from main tumor mass
2) cells invade BM
- tumor cells actively degrade BM by increased cellular protease activity
3) cells enter/pass the extracellular matrix
- up regulate collagen, fibronectin, ect.
4) cells invade blood vessels/lymphatics
5) travel bloodstream
- form embolus (small clusters)
- emboli may be recognized by immune system
6) extravasate from vessel, invade ECm at metastatic site
7) angiogenesis
8) growth of metastatic tumor

173
Q

Paraneoplastic Effects

A 
cachexia
fever
hypoglycemia
hypercalcemia
Sertoli cell tumors
174
Q

Paraneoplastic:

Cachexia

A

loss of condition (body fat, muscle mass)
diminished immune system
generalized weakness
not simple anorexia/starvation
effects are not proportional to size of tumor
disturbances of metabolism of carbs/proteins/lipids
TNF-a (tumor necrosis factor), IL-1 (interleukin-1), IFN-g (gamma interferon) may be involved

175
Q

Paraneoplastic:

Fever

A

can occur without reason

may be caused by release of cytokine (IL-1 or IL-6) by tumor cells

176
Q

Paraneoplastic:

Hypoglycemia

A

low glucose in the serum
can lead to seizure and death
beta cells in the islets of the pancrease produce insulin which decrease blood glucose
some tumors cause hypoglycemia from unknown mechanisms

177
Q

Beta Cell Carcinoma:

Insulinoma

A

lead to excess uncontrolled insulin release and lead to hypoglycemia

178
Q

Paraneoplastic:

Hypercalcemia

A

increased calcium in serum
excess parathyroid hormone, major regulator of calcium levels in the body
-may produce ectopic parathyroid hormone
occur via direct tumor invasion/destruction of bone
common in lymphoma patients

179
Q

Paraneoplastic:

Sertoli Cell Tumors

A

cells of the seminiferous tubules in testes that secrete estrogen/ estrogen-like substances
estrogen usually localized but a large mass releases estrogen causing feminization
-symmetric hair loss, enlarged mammary glands, attractiveness to other male dogs

180
Q

Infectious Cancers

A

viral and bacterial infections can lead to cancer

181
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A

family of DNA viruses that infect stratified epithelium and mucous membranes
some serotypes cause noncancerous warts

182
Q

HPV:

Cervical Cancer

A

HPV-16 and HPV-18 mostly
causes series of cytologic changes that convert squamous epithelium to glandular epithelium
-most clear naturally, chronic become cancer

183
Q

PAP Smear

A

look for abnormal cells

  • most successful cancer screening test
  • 80% reduction in cases
  • world wide most common cause of cancer death
184
Q

HPV Vaccine

A

100% effective in prevention of included serotypes
most common serotypes only
prevents precursor change

185
Q

Endogenous

A

generated within the body, organ, tissue, or cell

186
Q

Exogenous

A

‘foreign’ substances from outside the body that gain access to organs, tissues, or cells

187
Q

Nature of Accumulated Intracellular Substances

A

1) a normal cellular constituent accumulates in excess
2) an abnormal substances accumulates
3) pigments, compound imparting a change in color to cells, tissues, organs

188
Q

Pathogenesis/Significance of Intracellular Accumulations

A

1) a normal endogenous produced at a normal or increased rate but the rate of metabolism is inadequate
2) an abnormal substance accumulates due to faulty synthesis
3) normal endogenous substances accumulate due to faulty catabolism or degradation
4) an exogenous substance accumulates because it cannot be catabolized

189
Q

Hydropic Change

A

water insides cells that results in cellular swelling

190
Q

Fatty Change

A 
accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes
example of (1)
'hepatic lipidosis', 'hepatic steatosis', 'fatty liver'
191
Q

Fatty Change:

Pathogenesis

A

inter-related metabolic pathways involving free fatty acids
in the liver FAs are converted to triglycerides
then complexed with apoproteins to form lipoproteins that can be exported from the liver

192
Q

Free Fatty Acids

A

can be derived from the diet, from chylomicrons in the blood, or from mobilization of fat stores in adipose tissue

193
Q

Anorexia

A

‘starvation’
one of the most common causes of hepatocellular fatty change
mobilization of fat from adipose tissues exceeds the capacity of fatty acid metabolism and fatty acids/triglycerides accumulate in hepatocytes

194
Q

Hypoproteinemia

A

abnormally low levels of proteins in the blood due to malabsorbtion

195
Q

Ketosis

A

complex disease of ruminants that results in severe hepatic fatty change
associated with increased energy demands of lactation or twin lambs
fatty liver is due in part to mobilization of fat stores for energy

196
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

accumulation of lipids in cells

197
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

…

198
Q

Infraction

A

…

199
Q

Hyaline Droplet Change

A

…

200
Q

Proteiuria

A

…

201
Q

Renal Amyloidosis

A

…

202
Q

Myoglobin

A

…

203
Q

Rhabddomyolysis

A

…

204
Q

Hemoglobin

A

…

205
Q

Hemolysis

A

…

206
Q

Russell Bodies

A

…

207
Q

Mott Cells

A

…

208
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

…

209
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

…

210
Q

Cloudy Swelling

A

…

211
Q

Parkinson’s

A

…

212
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

…

213
Q

Huntington’s

A

…

214
Q

Abnormal Accumulation due to Faulty Synthesis

A

…

215
Q

Normal Endogenous Accumulation due to Faulty Catabolism/Degradation

A

…

216
Q

Exogenous Accumulates Because it cannot be Catabolized

A

…

217
Q

Anthracosis

A

…

218
Q

Asbestosis

A

…

219
Q

Silicosis

A

…

220
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

…

221
Q

Mesothelioma

A

…

222
Q

Plumbism

A

…

223
Q

Edema

A

…

224
Q

Hyalin Membranes

A

…

225
Q

Amyloid

A

…

226
Q

Amyloidosis

A

…

227
Q

Immunocyte-Associated Amyloidosis

A

…

228
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

…

229
Q

Osteolytic

A

…

230
Q

Neoplasms

A

…

231
Q

Plasmacytomas

A

…

232
Q

Cachexia

A

…

233
Q

Acute Phase Proteins

A

…

234
Q

Familial (localized/systemic) Amyloidosis

A

…

235
Q

Transthyretin

A

…

236
Q

Familial Mediterranean Fever

A

…

237
Q

Amyloid of Aging

A

…

238
Q

Congophilic Angiopathy

A

…

239
Q

Senile Plaques

A

…

240
Q

Neuropile

A

…

241
Q

Endocrine Amyloidosis

A

…

242
Q

Prion Diseases

A

…

243
Q

Proteinuria

A

…

244
Q

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

A

…

245
Q

Long Incubation Periods

A

…

246
Q

Transmissible

A

…

247
Q

Brain Lesions

A

…

248
Q

Mineralization

A

‘calcification’ ‘ossification’

process by which certain tissues such as bone and teeth are converted to hard substance

249
Q

Calcium

A

most abundant cation
mostly stored in bone
involved in numerous cellular processes
excitability of cells in nervous system, contractility of skeletal muscle, and biochemical functions

250
Q

Calcium:

Failure to Maintain Homeostasis

A

intracellular calcium accumulation
calcium overload
cell death

251
Q

Regulation of Extracellular Calcium

A

maintenance of homeostasis by diet and calcium and phosphorus

252
Q

Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)

A

synthesized in sebaceous glands of the skin via photoactivation of 7-dehydrocholesterol by UV light
subsequent conversion steps in the liver and then kidney form the fully active vitamin if there is a demand for calcium

253
Q

Vitamin D:

Stimulus

A

low extracellular calcium

parathormone stimulates formation 1.25-dihydroxycloecalciferol by the kidney

254
Q

Vitamin D:

Main Action

A

‘leads to increased extracellular calcium’

principal action of vitamin D is to increase the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine

255
Q

Parathormone

A

‘parathyroid hormone’
synthesized by the endocrine (chief) cells of the parathyroid gland
mainly responsible for minute-to-minute regulation of extracellular calcium

256
Q

Parathormone:

Stimulus

A

low extracellular calcium

elevated extracellular phosphorus

257
Q

Parathormone:

Main Actions

A

‘lead to increased extracellular calcium’
increased mobilization of calcium from bone
stimulates formation of Vitamin D by the kidney, increasing absorption of calcium from the intestine
promotes resorption of calcium from the kidney
promotes excretion of phosphorus in the urine

258
Q

Calcitonin

A

hormone is synthesized by the C-cells (parafollicular cells) of the thyroid gland
hormone antagonizes the effects of parathormone

259
Q

Calcitonin:

Stimulus

A

elevated extracellular calcium

260
Q

Calcitonin:

Action

A

‘lowers extracellular calcium’
inhibits the parathormone-induced release of calcium from bone
promotes the urinary excretion of phosphorus

261
Q

Dystrophic Calcification

A

occurs in dying and dead tissue
can’t maintain calcium homeostasis
intracellular calcium levels increase
not as common in liquefaction tissue

262
Q

Ischemia

A

accumulations of calcium in mitochondria
seen in dystrophic calcification
restriction in blood supply

263
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis

A

grossly visible calcification includes heart and skeletal muscles and caseating granulomas

264
Q

Leukomalacia

A

‘periventricular’
vitamin E/selenium deficiency
white matter brain injury
related to nutritional myopathy and cardiac necrosis due to drug toxicity
occurs in late term infants and common cause of cerebral palsy

265
Q

Hypotension

A

causative factor (along with intrauterine infection) of leukomalacia

266
Q

Calcinosis Circumscripta

A

large calcium deposits occur commonly at sites of persistent trauma such as boney prominences
have gross appearance of a tumor
‘tumoral calcinosis’

267
Q

Calcinosis Cutis

A

form of dystophic calcification
occurs in contet of hyperadrenocorticism
calcium deposits occur in collagen bundles and can be sufficiently severe

268
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

hyperadrenocorticism

result calcinosis cutis, a form of dystrophic calcification

269
Q

Metastatic Calcification

A

associated with elevated extracellular levels of calcium exceeding homeostatic capacity of cells/tissues
specific tissues more prone to mineralization
involve vells and extracellular matrix components such as collagen in BM and elastic fibers in arterial walls

270
Q

Metastatic Calcification:

Locations

A 
gastric mucosa-inner epithelial lining of the stomach
kidneys and lungs
cornea
systemic arteries
pulmonary veins
271
Q

Calcium:

Deposition

A

favors tissues with acid to alkaline interconversion

272
Q

Hypercalcemia:

Occurrence

A

hyperparathyroidism
hyper-vitaminosis D
diseases with extensive destruction of bone

273
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

due to excessive production and secretion of parathormone or a parathormone-like substance
primary, secondary, or associated with a syndrome

274
Q

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

A

excess production by parathyroid glands
due to hyperplasia and hypersecretion
production of excessive parathormone by parathyroid gland neoplasms
do not respond normally to negative feedback

275
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism:

Nutritional

A

too much phosphorus in diet
prolonged feeding of grain-based rations
results in removal of calcium from bone causing bone disease as well

276
Q

Bran Disease

A

due to prolonged feeding of grain-based rations high in phosphorus and low in calcium

277
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism:

Renal

A

chronic kidney disease/renal failure
unable to excrete phosphorus and hyperphosphatemia develops
active form of vitamin D may not be synthesized by kidney
stimulates parathormone production
results in removal of calcium from bone so bone disease occurs also

278
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism:

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

A

neoplastic cells produce substances not normal for the cell type
pulmonary epithelial cells do not normally produce parathormone
carcinoma lung cancer produces a metabolically active parathyroid hormone or parathyroid-like substance
produced by neoplastic lymphocytes and neoplastic epithelial cells

279
Q

Lymphoma

A

parathyroid-like hormone produced by neooplastic lymphocytes resulting in hyperparathroidism

280
Q

Apocrine Adenocarcinoma

A

parathyroid-like hormone produced by neoplastic epithelial cells in anal sacs of dogs resulting in hyperparathyroidism

281
Q

Hypervitaminosis D

A

causes hypercalcemia by increasing absorption of calcium from intestines
from overzealous supplementation
some rodenticides can cause potent analogs
Cestrum diurnum and Solanum malacoxylon plants can cause

282
Q

Destruction of Bone

A

significant cause of hypercalcemia and metastatic calcification in humans
primary (multiple myeloma) and metastatic cancers of bone can cause

283
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

‘osteitis deformans’
hypercalcemia occurs
unknown cause
regions of osteoclastic bone resorption followed by period of hectic bone formation

284
Q

Appearance of Soft Tissue Calcification

A

pathological calcification can only be detected frossly if extensive
pale chalky areas in the tissues
detected by coarse gritty feel

285
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

fluid withing cells

makes up 41% of body

286
Q

Transcellular Fluid Compartment

A

part of extracellular fluid
fluid in body cavities and eyes
makes up 5% of body

287
Q

Intravascular Fluid Compartment

A

part of extracellular fluid
consists of vasculature, blood (plasma), and lymphatic vessels (lymph)
smallest compartment at 4%

288
Q

Interstitial Fluid Compartment

A

part of extracellular fluid
bathes and surrounds cells
makes up 15% of body

289
Q

Renin

A

hormone produced by juxtaglomerular apparatus in kidney
decreases blood flow (perfusion) to the kidney
may occur in reduction in cardiac output or decreased fluid volume in intravascular compartment
converts angiotensinogen to intermediate angiotensisn I

290
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

in kidney

produces renin

291
Q

Angiotensinogen

A

plasma protein synthesized by the liver

converted to intermediate angiotensin I by renin

292
Q

Angiotensin I

A

intermediate of angiotensinogen converted by renin

metabolized into antiotensin II by antiotensin converting enzyme

293
Q

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

A

found in endothelial cells lining blood vessels of the lung and kidney
converts angiotensin I into active form angiotensin II

294
Q

Angiotensin II

A

active form
metabolized from angiotensin I by antiotensin converting enzyme
acts on aldosterone and vasopressin
net effect to increase fluid volume and blood pressure
restores renal blood flow and serves as negative feedback for renin secretion

295
Q

Aldosterone

A

mineralocorticoid

296
Q

Vasopressin

A

antidiuretic hormone, ADH
released from pituitary gland by stimulus from angiostensin II
increases passive pesorption of water from collecting ducts of the kidney, increasing fluid volume
use microfliaments and microtubules

297
Q

Angiotensin II:

Nervous System

A

increase activity of sympathetic nervous system

positive inotropic and chronotropic stimulation of the heart to improve blood flow and blood pressure

298
Q

Inotropic

A

force of muscle contraction

299
Q

Chronotropic

A

rate of muscle contraction

300
Q

Angiotensin II:

Kidney

A

stimulates absorption of sodium and water from renal tubules

increases fluid volume

301
Q

Angiotensin II:

Adrenal Gland

A

increase aldosterone secretion
increase absorption of sodium and water from the renal tubules increasing blood volume
extrusion of potassium into the tubule which is lost in the urine

302
Q

Aldosterone

A

mineralocoricoid hormone secreted by zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

303
Q

Mineralocorticoid

A

class of steroid hormones that balance salt and water in the body

304
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

deficiency of aldosterone secretion

305
Q

Angiotensin II:

Pituitary Gland

A

stimulates release of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin, ADH)

306
Q

Colchicine

A

drug that treats familial Mediterranean fever

307
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

due either to an absolute deficiency of ADH or to non-responsiveness of the kidney to the action of vasopressin/ADH

308
Q

Angiotensin II:

Blood Vessels

A

potent vasoconstrictor
elevates blood pressure
direct effect on the smooth muscle of arterioles
increases sympathetic nervous system activity

309
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

A

peptide hormone that controls fluid volume
synthesized and stored in granules within myocytes of the atrial myocardium
respond to distension of the atria by release of natriuretic factor (ATF)
antagonistic to other hormones
prevent resorption of sodium and water resulting in diuresis, decreased blood pressure, and inhibits secretion of renin, aldosterone, and vasopressin

310
Q

Diuresis

A

increased secretion of urine

311
Q

Intracellular Fluid Accumulation

A

hydropic change
swollen cells with clear, nonstaining cytoplasm
reversible, not all cells die, sometimes normal

312
Q

Hydropic Change

A

when fluid is redistributed from the interstitial to the intracellular compartment
‘intracellular edema’

313
Q

Hypoxia

A

reduced dissolved oxygen levels

due to failure of the energy driven sodium-potassium pump

314
Q

Ischemia

A

restriction in blood supply

due to failure of the energy driven sodium-potassium pump

315
Q

Extracellular Fluid Accumulation

A

most dramatic fluid redistribution

mostly interstitial and transcellular

316
Q

Edema

A

accumulation of fluid due to redistribution from blood to interstitium that surrounds cells

317
Q

Hydrothorax

A

fluid accumulation in chest

318
Q

Hydroperitoneum

A

fluid accumulation in abdomen

‘ascites’

319
Q

Hydropericardium

A

accumulation of fluid in the membranous sac that surrounds the heart

320
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of excess fluid in the cerebral ventricular system

321
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

‘blood pressure’
drives fluid from blood out of vasculature into the interstitial
balanced by osmolytes

322
Q

Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

A

venous end

osmolytes tend to return fluids to the blood vessels

323
Q

Mechanisms of Abnormal Fluid Distribution

A
  • increased vascular permeability
  • increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure
  • decreased intravascular colloidal osmotic pressure
  • increased tissue colloidal osmotic pressure
  • decreased lymphatic drainage
324
Q

Increased Intravascular Permeability

A

occurs independent other forces
due to inflammation (localized or systemic)
blood vessels leak fluid and plasma proteins

325
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

cause of increased intravascular permeability

326
Q

Increased Hydrostatic Pressure

A

‘hypertension’
increased pressure and increased permeability
results in redness and swelling

327
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

increased hydrostatic pressure on venous side of circulation
hear not effective pump, backup of blood flow
ascites, hydrothorax, dependent edema of limbs
left-sided has pulmonary edema and hydrothorax
decreased renal perfusion, stimulates renin production, sodium retention, increase interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure

328
Q

Decreased Intracascular Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

A

due exclusively to hypoproteinemia
alters fluid dynamic to redistribution
due to maldigestion, malnutrition, starvation, gastrointestinal parasitism, severe liver disease

329
Q

Proteinuria

A

primary portal of protein loss from intestinal tract and kidney

330
Q

Johne’s Disease

A

caused by Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis

inability to absorb protein from intestine due to inflammation

331
Q

Increased Interstitial Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

A

neither primary nor dramatic
at sites of inflammation
sodium retention due to congestive heart failure

332
Q

Decreased Lymphatic Drainage

A

blockage, leads to edema
can be blocked at level of lymphatic vessels or can occur from total obliteration of lymph nodes that are situated along the course of these vessels
accumulates in interstitium

333
Q

Lymphedema

A

lymphatic obstruction

334
Q

Abscesses

A

caused by thin walled lymph vessels and can be compressed at sites of infalmmation and space occupying masses

335
Q

SIADH:

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Hypersecretion

A

results in hypervolemia

increases absorption of water from tubules but not ions resulting in hypertonic urine

336
Q

Hyponatremia

A

from SIADH

increased absorption of water with ions left behind creating hypertonic urine

337
Q

Meningitis

A

also have SIADH

338
Q

Iatrogenic

A

administering fluids intravenously can result in hypercolemia if done too fast or whenn kidneys are comprised and urine production is poor
may manifest as rapidly developing pulmonary edema

339
Q

Idiopathic/Idiosyncratic Water Drinkers

A

polydipsia
may be due to faulty regulation of thirst
hyponatremia can be a complication

340
Q

Hypovolemia/Dehydration

A

reflect too little body water

inadequate intake of fluid to match loss

341
Q

Causes of Hypovolemia

A 
insufficient water intake
increased loss due to kidney disease
vomiting/diarrhea
hyperhidrosis/hyperpnea
drugs
diabetes insipidus
hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease)
342
Q

Insufficient Water Intake

A

basal urine output is minimum amount of water that must be ingested
ambient temperature, physiological states, physical exertion modify daily needs
salt poisoning due to dehydration

343
Q

Increased Loss due to Kidney Disease

A

causes loss of specific gravity in urine, level of solutes in urine, and ability to conserve water
low urine specific gravity is sign of kidney disease
results in polydipsia-polyuria cycle

344
Q

Vomiting/Diarrhea

A

results in significant water loss
loss of H+ resulting in alkalosis
loss of ions such as Na+ and Cl-

345
Q

Drugs

A

mainly diuretics that increase urine production

346
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

due to deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (pituitary dependent)
due to failure of kidney to respond to ADH (nephrogenic)
brain disease such as inflammation and space occupying masses that prevent storage and release of ADH from pituitary gland
due to polycystic kidney disease, renal amyloidosis, lithium, hereditary causes
aquaporin-2 gene mutation recessive

347
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s Disease)

A

typically due to destruction of the adrenal cortex
adrenal cortex produces cortisone (glucocorticoids) and aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
due to deficiency in aldosterone
renal tubules are unable to absorb and conserve sodium and water
can create hyponatremia

348
Q

Sequence of Events in Dehydration

A

1) initial loss of interstitial fluid w/ redistribution to blood to maintain blood volume
2) loss of intracellular fluid to maintain blood volume
3) hyperviscosity of blood and generalized hyperosmolar state
- mainly affect cardiovascular and brain
- heart has difficulty pumping

349
Q

The Brain During Dehydration

A

mechanisms to protect against osmotic imbalances
hyperosmolarity used to measure context of blood sodium
hypernatremia

350
Q

Brain Dehydration:

Acute Phase

A

1-2 days
brain attempts to correct by eliminating ions
brain shrinks
death at this stage and the principal lesion that may be seen as hemorrhage due to tearing of blood vessels in the meninges

351
Q

Brain Dehydration:

Chronic Phase

A

3+ days
ionic balance critical for neuronal activity
attempts to restore balance by production of organic osmolytes (such as glutamine, glycine, phosphoinositol)
offset osmotic dysequilibrium for more normal ionic balance
death may occur at this stage

352
Q

Brian Dehydration:

Dangers of Rehydration

A

fluid volume increases rapidly in intravascular compartment but brain takes time to eliminate osmolytes
if happens to fast, gradient established and fluid moves from blood to the brain causing brain swelling causing serious brain damage and death

353
Q

Pigment

A

any normal or abnormal coloring (matter) of the body

354
Q

Melanin

A

brown pigment coloring skin, iris, freckles (lentigines)
synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine in cells called melanocytes
copper deficiency dilutes melanin

355
Q

Hypomelanosis

A

too little melanin pigmentation

can be hereditary or acquired

356
Q

Melanocytopenic Hypomelasnosis

A

herediatary disease where there is an absence of melanocytes

357
Q

Waardenburg Syndrome

A

due to defective migration of cells from the neural crest, including cells destine to be melanocytes
hypomelanosis, a patch of white hair, deafness

358
Q

Hirschprung Disease

A

‘Waardenburg syndrome type IV’

failure of the sympathetic nervous system to develop in the lower large intestine

359
Q

Melanopenic Hypomelanosis

A

hereditary disease
melanocytes present but fail to produce melanin
can be due to a variety of causes including copper deficiency or autoimmune destruction of melanoytes

360
Q

Albinism

A

due to absence or a defect in the tyrosinase gene

form of melanopenic hypomelanosis

361
Q

Hypermelanosis

A

too much melanin

362
Q

Malanosis

A

refers to presence of melanin pigmentation where not normally present

363
Q

Hypermelanosis:

Neoplasm

A

melanocytoma (benign) or melanoma (malignant)
most common in the skin
associated with exposure to UV light

364
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

multistep process involving multiple genetic abnormalities that alter the proliferation of cells, interfere with DNA repair, prevent programmed cell death
allows abnormal cells to live and continue to proliferate

365
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

366
Q

Lipofuscin

A 
yellow-brown
accumulates in the cytoplasm of cells
formed during autophagy
age-related 'wear-and-tear' pigment
most common in permanent and stable cells
367
Q

Autophagy

A

process that digest effete organelles over the life of the cell

368
Q

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses

A

hereditary neurodegenerative disorders
lysosomal storage disease
chemically complex, consist of lipids, amino acids, autofluorescent

369
Q

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses:

Main Syndromes

A

based on age of onset, clinical course, pathology

  • infantile (Haltia-Santavouri Disease)
  • late infantile (Jansky-Bielschowsky Disease)
  • late juvenile (Batten-sielmeyer-Vogt Disease)
  • adult onset (Kuf’s Disease)
370
Q

Porphyrias

A

‘purple pigment’
develops when there are defects in the pathway of heme synthesis resulting in a buildup of potentially toxic heme precursors

371
Q

Photosensitization

A

photoactive precursors in the heme synthetic pathway accumulate leading to blistering of the skin after exposure to sunlight

372
Q

Hepatogenous Photosensitization

A

photosensitization in herbivores secondary to sever liver disease due to failure to excrete the photoactivated chlorophyll catabolite phylloerythrin

373
Q

Phylloerythrin

A

photoactivated chlorophyll

failure to excrete results in hepatogenous photosensitization

374
Q

Hemosiderin

A

converted from heme iron by macrophages

375
Q

Biliverdin

A

degraded from remaining heme molecule

376
Q

Hemolytic Anemias

A

increased destruction of erythrocytes in diseases

377
Q

Siderophages

A

macrophage

accumulates hemosiderin at sites of hemorrhage

378
Q

Hemosiderosis

A

accumulation of hemosiderin at sites of hemorrhage in spleen and liver

379
Q

Herediatry Hemochromasosis

A

accumulation of heme iron
defective transport of iron and increased absorption of iron from the intestine
massive accumulation of iron in tissues causing brownish color
most severe in liver, leads to necrosis, scarring, cirrhosis

380
Q

Secondary Hemochromatosis

A

people receiving repeated blood transfusions

381
Q

Biliverdin/Bilirubin

A

formed enzymatically in macrophages
bruise colors (blue, green, yellow)
bilirubin is released from macrophages, enters blood, complexed with albumin, dissociates in liver
in the hepatocyte cytoplasm glucuronic acid is enzymatically attached to form conjugated bilirubin and bilirubin glucuronide and excrete in bile

382
Q

Hyperbilirubinemia

A

increase of bilirubin in the blood either conjugated or unconjugated

383
Q

Jaundice/Icterus

A

yellow discoloration of tissues due to hyperbilirubinemia

sign of increased erythrocyte destruction, liver disease, or blockage in flow of bile from hepatoytes to bile ducts

384
Q

True Statement Regarding Cells Types

A

permanent cells are not capable of cell division and are more likely to respond to sublethal injury by hypertrophy

385
Q

Briefly Explain the Major Defference Between Atrophy and Hypoplasia

A

atrophy: acquired decrease in size of a cell, tissue, or organ
hypoplasia: congenital decrease in size of a cell, tissue, or organ

386
Q

Mechanism the Best Described the Intracellular Accumulation that Ocurs in Lysosmal Storage Disease

A

accumulation of normal endogenous substances due to faulty catabolism

387
Q

Explain the Pathogenesis of Reactive Systemic Amyloidosis

A

1) chronic inflammatory disease states with some non-immunocytic neooplasms
2) the liver synthesizes increased levels of a protein, serum amyloid A (SAA)
3) proteolytic cleavage results in the fibril protein AA deposited in various tissues

388
Q

Define/Explain Difference Between Dystrophic and Metastatic Calcification

A
  • dystrophic occurs in dead, dying tissue, hypercalcemia not required
  • metastatic occurs in viable tissue, hypercalcium required
389
Q

Explain the Pathogenesis of Pathological Calcification in Vitamin D Poisoning

A

hypervitaminosis D leads to hypercalcemia and then to metastatic mineralization

390
Q

What is the Difference Between Melanocytopenic and melanopenic Hypomelanosis

A
  • deficiency of melanocytes (vitiligo/Waardenburg)

- defective melanin production (albinism)

391
Q

Statement Regarding Hemochromatosis

A

-massive iron accumulation in the liver leading to liver disease

Pathobiology (2 decks)

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