exam 2 Flashcards
NO
triggers smooth muscle relaxation in vasculature
1st pass effect
oral drugs must go through liver before any where else
effects - time, amount, modification
NO response pathway
triggered by extracellular acytlecholine
-> IP3_>Ca2+->activates NO synthase ->No release, diffuses into another cell -> GTP to cyclic GMP = smooth muscle of vas relaxes
Histamine can induce _____ production
nitric oxide
Histamine to NO pathway
histamine bings to H1 receptor (GPCR), G-protein phospholopase stimulation
-intra cell Ca released, inducing NOS, NO produced
3 types of integral membrane receptors
- ion channel coupled
- GPCRs
- enzyme coupled
ion channel receptor details
signal alteration in channel opening, used in nerves and muscles
GPCRs
receptor coupled with a G protien
enzyme couples
often dimer that activated another enzyme
scaffold protein details
increase speed, allow for lower protein synthesis, increase specificity, b/c can more easily increase the # of proteins involved in the pathways
2 types of GTP binding protein
- small monomeric (Rab, Ran, Rho)
2. large trimeric
Ras Gtp interation
RAS GDP bount at membrane, switched to GTP when activated to activate dwn stream signalling
of starts and stops on at GPCR in the membrane
4 starts
3 stops
receptor type for taste preception
GPCR
draw GPCR
slide 36 6/15, N term side has 2 starts, start start stop start stop start stop C term
Basic taste process
ligand binds, triggers Ca release, activates channel, signals nerve
3 major taste bud receptor cells
- I - glial and salt taste
- II - receptor cell has GPCR can interact with afferent nuerons
- III - presynaptic call and sour and can interact with afferent nuerons
II and III work together to transmit signal to the neuron
bitter taste cell type?
II
in airways cells can have both ___ and ___ taste recepotors, indicating that ___
bitter and sweet that theyre not for distinguising taste
in airways bitter receptor
uses same pathway as in mouth, but triggers a protective response to remove the offensive material (eg. immune triggered, coughing)
label on dying cells
phosphorylated serine
during apoptosis the cell membrane breaks into
blebs
necrosis may trigger an
immune response
apoptotic blebs are cleared by
phagocytotic calls- macrophages
Function of Apoptosis (5)
Eliminate unwanted cells To remove normal cells During development e.g. Hands and Feet Short-lived cells e.g. Neutrophils After an immune response e.g. T-cell contraction To remove abnormal cells Developmental regulation e.g. Lymphocyte development Damaged cells e.g. DNA-damaged cells
phosphatidylserine is expressed by
apoptotic cells
apoptosis is mediated by a ___
proteolytic caspase cascade
Bcl2 ___ apoptosis
inhibits
