exam 2

Question 1

NO

Answer 1

triggers smooth muscle relaxation in vasculature

Question 2

1st pass effect

Answer 2

oral drugs must go through liver before any where else

effects - time, amount, modification

Question 3

NO response pathway

Answer 3

triggered by extracellular acytlecholine
-> IP3_>Ca2+->activates NO synthase ->No release, diffuses into another cell -> GTP to cyclic GMP = smooth muscle of vas relaxes

Question 4

Histamine can induce _____ production

Answer 4

nitric oxide

Question 5

Histamine to NO pathway

Answer 5

histamine bings to H1 receptor (GPCR), G-protein phospholopase stimulation
-intra cell Ca released, inducing NOS, NO produced

Question 6

3 types of integral membrane receptors

Answer 6

1. ion channel coupled
2. GPCRs
3. enzyme coupled

Question 7

ion channel receptor details

Answer 7

signal alteration in channel opening, used in nerves and muscles

Question 8

GPCRs

Answer 8

receptor coupled with a G protien

Question 9

enzyme couples

Answer 9

often dimer that activated another enzyme

Question 10

scaffold protein details

Answer 10

increase speed, allow for lower protein synthesis, increase specificity, b/c can more easily increase the # of proteins involved in the pathways

Question 11

2 types of GTP binding protein

Answer 11

1. small monomeric (Rab, Ran, Rho)

2. large trimeric

Question 12

Ras Gtp interation

Answer 12

RAS GDP bount at membrane, switched to GTP when activated to activate dwn stream signalling

Question 13

of starts and stops on at GPCR in the membrane

Answer 13

4 starts

3 stops

Question 14

receptor type for taste preception

Answer 14

GPCR

Question 15

draw GPCR

Answer 15

slide 36 6/15, N term side has 2 starts, start start stop start stop start stop C term

Question 16

Basic taste process

Answer 16

ligand binds, triggers Ca release, activates channel, signals nerve

Question 17

3 major taste bud receptor cells

Answer 17

1. I - glial and salt taste
2. II - receptor cell has GPCR can interact with afferent nuerons
3. III - presynaptic call and sour and can interact with afferent nuerons
   II and III work together to transmit signal to the neuron

Question 18

bitter taste cell type?

Answer 18

II

Question 19

in airways cells can have both ___ and ___ taste recepotors, indicating that ___

Answer 19

bitter and sweet that theyre not for distinguising taste

Question 20

in airways bitter receptor

Answer 20

uses same pathway as in mouth, but triggers a protective response to remove the offensive material (eg. immune triggered, coughing)

Question 21

label on dying cells

Answer 21

phosphorylated serine

Question 22

during apoptosis the cell membrane breaks into

Answer 22

blebs

Question 23

necrosis may trigger an

Answer 23

immune response

Question 24

apoptotic blebs are cleared by

Answer 24

phagocytotic calls- macrophages

Question 25

Function of Apoptosis (5)

Answer 25

Eliminate unwanted cells
To remove normal cells
During development
e.g. Hands and Feet
Short-lived cells
e.g. Neutrophils
After an immune response
e.g. T-cell contraction
To remove abnormal cells
Developmental regulation
e.g. Lymphocyte development
Damaged cells
e.g. DNA-damaged cells

Question 26

phosphatidylserine is expressed by

Answer 26

apoptotic cells

Question 27

apoptosis is mediated by a ___

Answer 27

proteolytic caspase cascade

Question 28

Bcl2 ___ apoptosis

Answer 28

inhibits