Exam 2

Question 1

What are the deSoto and coronado expeditions?

Answer 1

some of the earliest descriptions of native americans we have come from the early 30s and 40s.Coronado did his explorations in the southwest. DeSoto did his explorations into the southeast.

Question 2

Who is Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca?

Answer 2

Was a spanish explorer. When exploring north america, he came upon texas. Lost a lot of his crew due to mother nature. The survivors of his expedition lived among the natives for four years. When fellow spaniards found him they were astonished. He himself Was appalled by the spanish treatment of Indians. In 1537 he returned to Spain to publish an account of his experiences concerning native americans and to urge a more generous policy instead of taking native americans for slaves. He served as a Mexican territorial governor, but was soon accused of corruption, perhaps due to his conduct towards Indians.

Question 3

what is the connection between encomiendas and repartementos?

Answer 3

The feudal system the Spanish established to maintain political control over the Indians. These encomiendas entrusted large traccts of land to certain spaniards. They coud demand tribute and services from the resident natives, using military force if necessary. Eventually the spanish themselves realized that encomiendas were a form of slavery. It concentrated too much power in too few hands, so it was replaced by the repartimiento system. Which divided the lands into smaller units-haciendas. These haciendas were owned by the elite, and required the resident natives to work for the land owner. After the Mexican revolution of 1910, many haciendas were broken up and the land redistributed to the peasants, either to individuals-who could not sell the land but could pass it on to their heirs-or to collective organizations such as villages.

Question 4

Describe the spanish slave trade/mission system

Answer 4

The slave trade soured the relationship between the native americans and spaniards. Describes the native americans as gentle and friendly folks. Willing to give you their shirt off their backs. But as people began dying of diseases, and their people were captured for slavery(slave raids), native americans ran and hid whenever they saw spaniards.
The slave trade involved native american abuse through encomiendas and repartamentos

Question 5

Describe navajo singers, ways, and sand paintings

Answer 5

Singers are the navajo versions of the shamen. Sand paintings are part of the ceremony, are done depicting the particular holy people or events being evoked by the songs. When the cermony is over the sand painting is to absorb all of the evilness that is within the individual and the sand painting is wiped away and left in a hole to wipe away those bad spirits.
The ways are an ongoing series of stories on culture and language from native american communities

Question 6

Describe Hogans and Longhouses

Answer 6

Hogan-Wooden poles covered with tree bark and mud. Each navajo family had two hogans. Very dark and gloomy. Only to be slept in at night.There could be flash floods, so having two would allow you to go to another one. Or if they needed to migrate.
Longhouse-Many families lived together in one long house. Fireplaces and firepits ran down the middle of it. Wasn’t measured by feet, but by fire pits. So important, the iroquois called themselves ‘the people of the longhouse’

Question 7

Describe sweat lodges, vision quests, and sacred bundles

Answer 7

Sacred Bundles-’medicine bundles’. All groups kept these. They consisted of items kept ‘bundled’ together in a bag. Some were gifts from supernatural deities, others symbolized fertility and still others presented war.
Vision Quest-Men often undertook vision quests to obtain power from supernatural forces. During a quest, the individual remained isolated, without food or water, until visited by a spirit. A shaman might accompany the individual, or sometimes a drug would be used to contact the supernatural. The vision was often a defining moment in a person’s life.
Sweat Lodge-a place of spiritual refuge and physical healing. A place to get answers and gidance by asking spiritual entities. Lodge is covered with the hides of animals, such as buffalo. Typically dome shaped

Question 8

Wampum Belt, Calumet Pipes

Answer 8

a belt of varicolored wampum arranged in patterns and used as a mnemonic device or ceremonially especially in the ratification of treaties — compare war belt - a North American Indian peace pipe. Used in their sacred ceremonies.

Stands as an emblem of unity between the six nations. Comprised of shell beads.

Question 9

Who are Deganawidah and Hiawatha?

Answer 9

Deganawidah/ stutterer not very charasmatic
Founded the League of the Iroquois. Native american spiritual leader. He was a prophet who advocated peace and an end to cannibalism among the warring tribes. Called the peacemaker.
Hiawatha not a stutterer, very charasmatic
To put a stop to internal feuding and establish a common defense, two men, deganawida and hiawatha, founded the league of the iroquois in the mid-fifteenth century. After much debate, the five nations accepted the ‘great law of peace’ and agreed to hold council meetings in Onondaga territory.

Question 10

Black drink/manitou

Answer 10

Pg. 322 a ritualistic drink consumed at all council meetings between the white and red councils. White council was composed of men over 50 years old and had experienced war and now favored peace. Red council was composed of younger, anxious to prove themselves in war. During peaceful times the white council held power, during war the red. The Indians called this ritualistic drink the White Drink, as it symbolized purity, although the Europeans called it the black drink in reference to its color. The drink was made from the leaves of a holly plant and brewed much like tea, and contained caffeine.
Manitou’s-pg. 309 at about the time of puberty, all individuals (male and female) would seek a spirit-helper, a manitou, to help and guide them. The manitou was sought during a vision, in which the person would fast and pray until it appeared. A manitou could take a number of forms, It generally appeared as an animal, and it would become a lifelong partner of the person. Individuals would carry a symbol of the manitou in order to call upon it for help in times of need. Some people were assisted by particularly powerful manitous, and those people could become shamans.
Pg. 311 The body and the manitou were separate, and the manitou could transform itself into animals or people as it desired. Many manitous inhabited the world, influencing people and events. Manitous could be good or bad, and some were more powerful than others. The sun deity held the power of warmth and crop success, and lightning could bring rain or destruction. Deer and other animals could change form or refuse to allow themselves to be killed for food.

Question 11

Beaver wars

Answer 11

Beaver Wars - The Beaver Wars—also known as the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars—encompass a series of conflicts fought intermittently during the 17th century in eastern North America

Trading on credit eventually caused this because of invasion of land.

Question 12

Midewiwin Society

Answer 12

A type of shaman. Midewiwins were formally organized into a society, a sort of priesthood, and had the power to combat evil and renew the world. The Midewiwin society conducted most major Ottawa ceremonies and helped unify Ottawa culture.

Question 13

Eastern woodland conferences

Answer 13

By the time the british and french gotten into north america. Most of the north american communities had bound themselves together into confederacies as a way of reducing violence. Because of the disruption the gonguida had this vision about bringing people together and forming this confederacy. And he went through the Iroquis wanting to bring these people together. Daganawida/hiawatha did this

Question 14

French and Indian War

Answer 14

Also known as the seven years’ war, struggle between britain and France. France’s expansion into the Ohio River Valley brought repeated conflict with the claims of the British colonies. The French and Indian War was the American phase of the Seven Years’ War, which was then underway in Europe.

Question 15

French/Huron Alliance

Answer 15

1608. Following the founding of Quebec City, Samuel de Champlain entered into an alliance with the Huron Indians. The alliance created a lasting trade partnership between the French and Hurons and helped strengthen both groups against the Iroquois.

Question 16

English/Iroquois Alliance

Answer 16

iroquois confederacy became known to the English as the Six Nations

Question 17

Metis Culture

Answer 17

A blending of native american and french peoples

Question 18

Accomodationists and Nativists

Answer 18

The resistance movement by Native American religious leaders to unite all Indians from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico to preserve Indian cultures, lands, and political and economic independence. Others however, believed their future was best served in association with Europeans, not in opposition. These ‘accommodationists’ rejected the nativism of the prophets and sought power elsewhere.

Question 19

Pontiac’s Revolt

Answer 19

After the French and Indian war, the British took possession of the French forts in the Great Lakes region and began to treat the Indians as ungrateful subjects of the British Crown. This immediately provoked a revolt, led by the great Ottawa leader, Pontiac. This war went on for three years. He succeeded in restoring Indian power to the Great Lakes region. Knowing the Indians needed good trading relations with the British, because they had become dependent on so many European goods, Pontiac agreed to peace.

Question 20

Delaware Treaty of 1778

Answer 20

The Treaty of Fort Pitt — also known as the Treaty With the Delaware, the Delaware Treaty, or the Fourth Treaty of Pittsburgh, — was signed on September 17, 1778 and was the first written treaty between the new United States of America and any American Indians—the Lenape (Delaware Indians) in this case

Question 21

Prophet Movement/Prophetstown

Answer 21

The creator had done separate creations. Each was given their own. And should stick to it.

Question 22

Dragging canoe

Answer 22

Dragging Canoe (pronounced Tsiyu Gansini, “he is dragging his canoe”) (c.1738–February 29, 1792) was a Cherokee war chief who led a band of disaffected Cherokee against colonists and United States settlers in the Upper South.

Question 23

Red Stick Creeks

Answer 23

The Creek War (1813-1814), also known as the Red Stick War and the Creek Civil War, was a regional war between opposing Creek factions, European empires, and the United States, taking place largely in Alabama and along the Gulf Coast.

Question 24

St. Clair’s defeat

Answer 24

Largest defeat that the native americans ever gave to the US. Little turtle was the commander for this. After this he gave up his position as leader of the Algonquian confederacy.

Question 25

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

Answer 25

They relinquished all claims to the Ohio country. Following the american revolution, the confederation congress needed money. To raise funds they hoped to sell land to american people. However, native americans owned that land so. They had this treaty between the six nations

Question 26

Little Turtle

Answer 26

Little Turtle, or Mihšihkinaahkwa (in Miami-Illinois) (c. 1747 – July 14, 1812), was a chief of the Miami people, and one of the most famous Native American military leaders of his time. Historian Wiley Sword calls him “perhaps the most capable Indian leader then in the Old Northwest.”

Question 27

Understand the conditions, which prompted european voyages of exploration in the 1400s

Answer 27

a. In the 1400s and 1500s, there was a new love for culture and scientific discovery in Europe named the Renaissance. During this time, people used scientific examination to explore how the natural world worked. This curiosity and spirit of discovery, which led to numerous inventions and scientific discoveries during the Renaissance, also led to a period of geographic exploration as individuals began to explore the seas and lands beyond Europe.
b. Looking for new trade routes, they also hoped to find new sources of gold, silver, and other valuables. Additionally, Europeans saw exploration as a way to bring Christianity to other cultures that lived in other lands.
c. During this period, many European nations were in constant conflict with each other as they struggled to increase their power and wealth. Many of these nations believed trade with other countries was the best way to increase wealth. However, other countries that blocked direct trade between European and Asian nations controlled many of the land routes that were used for trade with Asia. As a result, European leaders began to seek new sea routes to Asia

Question 28

Understand the impact of the introduction of disease into Native American societies.

Answer 28

Contact between Europeans and Native Americans led to a demographic disaster of unprecedented proportions. Many of the epidemic diseases that were well established in the Old World were absent from the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. The catastrophic epidemics that accompanied the European conquest of the New World decimated the indigenous population of the Americas. Influenza, smallpox, measles, and typhus fever were among the first European diseases imported to the Americas. During the first hundred years of contact with Europeans, Native Americans were trapped in a virtual web of new diseases. European diseases, seeds, weeds, and animals irreversibly transformed the original biological and social landscape of the Americas. By 1518, the Native American demographic catastrophe and the demands of Spanish settlers for labor led to the importation of slaves from Africa. Thus, the Americas quickly became the site of the mixing of the peoples and infectious agents of previously separate continents.

Question 29

Be familiar with Popé, the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and the factors, which led to it (Extirpación de Idólatrias)

Answer 29

When resistance was encountered from the Pueblo at Acoma, Oñate burned the town, killed many of the residents, cut off one foot of every male over 25 years of age, and enslaved the rest of the population for a period of 20 years. Such actions dissuaded many Pueblos from active resistance, and most Indians dealt pragmatically with the occupation. The Spanish introduced new crops (e.g., wheat, peppers, and tomatoes) and domesticated animals (e.g., horses, cattle, and sheep) into the region. Many of these commodities would later become very important to the Indians.By 1680, the Spanish oppression had become too much. Many Pueblos got together and organized a coordinated effort to expel the Spanish—an event known as the Pueblo Revolt (see Sando 1979; Knaut 1995; Wilcox 2009). It succeeded and the Spanish were either killed or driven from the region. After almost 100 years of Spanish occupation and enslavement, the Pueblos were again free.

Question 30

Be familiar with the general characteristics of Southwestern (Comanche and Navajo) cultures.

Answer 30

Southwest Indian, member of any of the Native American peoples inhabiting the southwestern United States; some scholars also include the peoples of northwestern Mexico in this culture area. More than 20 percent of Native Americans in the United States live in this region, principally in the present-day states of Arizona and New Mexico. The Southwest was home to representatives from several North American Indian language families, including Hokan, Uto-Aztecan, Tanoan, Keresan, Kiowa-Tanoan, Penutian, and Athabaskan. The people of the Cochise culture were among the earliest residents of the Southwest. A desert-adapted hunting and gathering culture whose diet emphasized plant foods and small game, this group lived in the region as early as 7000 bc.

Question 31

Understand the difference in attitude toward land ownership, exchange, and “how to use the land”, between the Native American Nations and the European colonists (Corn Tassel’s Speech).

Answer 31

Explaining the prophet movement. The creator had different creations for each people. You guys keep your animals around fences, we don’t believe in that. You buy and sell land, we don’t do that. Stick to what you know, and don’t try to dictate our future by making us follow your path.

The idea of exchange and trade was really different between europeans and native americans. For europeans you traded to get something you didn’t have. For native americans trading was a way of getting social ties. They were trying to establish relationships.

Question 32

Be familiar with the general characteristics of Eastern Woodland (Algonquin and Iroquois speaking) cultures.

Answer 32

Several sorts of houses were erected throughout the Eastern Woodlands. The most popular was likely the wigwam, a bark-covered structure and the longhouse, home to several families. Some southeast tribes lived in cold-weather houses of clay applied to an armature of poles, complete with a cone or round roof. The Seminoles of Florida used a chikee, a shelter without walls thatched with the palmetto tree’s fan-shaped leaves. Numerous hours were required to fashion the popular deerskin apparel. Women cut the skins with flint knives or shells and sutured them with animal sinew. Face painting and the men’s scalp lock (with shaven side hair) were typical. Beliefs associated with Manitou, a heroic figure who restored the world from mud following terrible rains, were widely held. In the southeast, there were sun worship temples; rites were intricate and featured an altar of fire that was extinguished and relighted annually. Since warfare was harsh and frequent, villages were often fortified by fencing reinforced with dirt. Causes of conflict between tribes varied, but typically involved territorial rights, male coming-of-age rituals, or retaliation. In general, the natives were deer-hunters and farmers. The men made bows and arrows, stone knives and war clubs. The women tended garden plots where beans, corn, pumpkin, squash and tobacco were cultivated. Women also harvested these crops and prepared the food. Black pottery or wood and bark vessels were used for cooking. They dried berries, corn, fish, meat and squash for the winter. Other game and shellfish also supplemented the diet of deer meat. The tribes lived near water for transportation purposes. In general, the northern tribes fashioned birch bark canoes while southeastern tribes dug out canoes from tree trunks. On land, the natives traveled on foot and bore their cargo on their backs, having no pack animals. Dogs were their sole domesticated animals.

Question 33

Understand the differences between the Spanish, French and English policies toward Native Americans.

Answer 33

Spanish had the attitude that they were expanding their empire to the new world and native americans were subject to the king. They were citizens.
French and english were coming in and trading with independent nations. They were not part of their culture or citizens.
French were not as wealthy or industrial as the english could. Couldn’t supply their colonies as well as the english could so they were dependent on native american communities for trade.
Neither the french or english saw them as subjects. Just independent nations they established relationships with.

Question 34

Understand the impact of the introduction of the Fur Trade and market exchange into Native American societies (Environmental Impact, Undermining Local Authority, Transformation of Local Economy, and Intertribal Wars).

Answer 34

Built up credit. When they shouldn’t have. And then they’d be out hunting and killing more game when they should be home with their wives helping around the house. Couldn’t provide food and care for the land during crop season because they were out hunting. More debt. Land given away. Revolts. Bloodshed.

Question 35

Be familiar with the roles of first Pontiac and then Dragging Canoe and Kissingua in the early attempts to form
a pan-tribal confederacy to resist settlement west of the Alleghany mountains (the “Demand of Blood” article).

Answer 35

Dragging canoe-first shows up in history when the transylvania company met with the cherokees in a treaty council. The proposed treaty called for the cherokee to give up much land in exchange for europeans goods such as guns. While other chiefs refused to sign, dragging canoe agreed to part of it but felt the Cherokee should not part with the Cumberland. The cumberland was called the ‘bloody ground’ indicating that it was traditional hunting territory.
Led in the fight against american resistance. He continued to talk with representatives of other Indian tribes with the goal of forming a confederation of all tribes to hold back further encroachment of Americans onto Indian land.
He was angry when his elders would exchange their land for goods that would soon be worthless. Believed armed struggle was the only way to regain sovereignty over their homeland.

Question 36

Know the different approaches of Tecumseh of the Algonquins, John Ross of the Cherokee, and Alexander McGillivray of the Creek toward the new United States government after the Revolutionary war.

Answer 36

After the revolution, things started changing. This sort of parody adaptation that had existed for 200 years was beginning to break down so we see different people’s try to deal with the situation in different ways. Tecumseh’s way was a military resistance. He then began to reconsistute this pan tribal confederacy and provide a military resistance towards the expansion of the resistance. McGillivray took an internationalist appraoch. He was well situated as far as space. He could easily make treaties with all three nations with french, spanish, and english. So he protected himself and people by getting mutual defense treaties. So when one started getting obnoxious he could call on his allies of the other two nations to settle them down again. Lastly, john ross felt that the best way to deal with the americans was to do it the american way. He took full advantage of jefferson’s civilizing mission to try to reform and restructure the cherokee nation to be more and more like the americans believing in the promise of jefferson’s promise that if they developed they could become a state of their own. So he brought in literacy, education, schooling.
Sadly, none of these men really were successful.

Question 37

Understand the prophet visions and the roll of such prophets as Tenskwatawa in Native American/ Anglo-American relations.

Answer 37

Tenskwatawa-had a vision. All things European were to be rejected. This led the shawnee and allied groups against the whites. However, after being Tecumseh led his peoples, they were defeated by General Tyler at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Mostly all of the prophet visions told the native peoples to give up these adaptations to european society. To reclaim their faiths and old traditions because ‘the spirits’ were angered by their abandonment. This european impact of diseases, genocide, and warfare on native populations was massive, with a mortality rate of about 50 percent and occasionally as much as 95 percent.

Question 38

Be familiar with President Jefferson’s “civilizing mission” and its impact upon Native American societies.

Answer 38

It was a buildup and funds from the government ordered to assimilate and help the native american people into society. But Jefferson felt that they should just accept their culture. How do they accept their culture. His mission was to find out how they could best accept they way they’re ‘supposed’ to do things.
Jefferson used the networks created by the treaties to further the program of ‘gradual civilization’