Exam 2

Question 1

Which of the following theorists developed the concept of the “spirit of scission?”

Answer 1

Gramsci

Question 2

Which of the following theorists argued that the resistance to dominant ideologies is often neutralized through the process of “incorporation”

Answer 2

Hebdige

Question 3

Which of the following theorists write, “Violations of the authorized codes through which the social world is organized and experienced have considerable power to provoke?”

Answer 3

Hebdige

Question 4

Which of the following theorists used the example of a police officer shouting “Hey, you!” to illustrate the process through which ideology comes to define subjective experience?

Answer 4

Althusser

Question 5

Which of the following theorists noted that the traditional model of communication failed to account for “distortions” and “misunderstandings” in the reception of messages?

Answer 5

Hall

Question 6

Which of the following theorists took issue with the perceived gender disparity that resulted from the masses’ immersion in representations circulated by media culture?

Answer 6

Mulvey

Question 7

Which of the following theorists published his work first? Althusser, Adorno, Hall, Gramsci, Mulvey

Answer 7

Gramsci

Question 8

Which of the following theorists was not born in Europe? Hall, Hebdige, Marx, Gramsci, Althusser

Answer 8

Stuart Hall (Born in Jamaica)

Question 9

Who emphasized the embodied materiality of ideology

Answer 9

Althusser

Question 10

Who believed that capitalism would eventually collapse on its own accord and would inevitably be replaced by socialism?

Answer 10

Marx

Question 11

Which of the following theorists was imprisoned by the fascists because of his or her political beliefs

Answer 11

Gramsci

Question 12

Which of the following theorists drew heavily from psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 12

Mulvey

Question 13

Which of the following theorists called hegemony a “moving equilibrium,” and focused his analysis on the ways in which different groups “Struggled for possession of the sign” in popular culture?

Answer 13

Hebdige

Question 14

Which of the following theorists first claimed that Marx’s one-way transition model was too economically redictionist?

Answer 14

Gramsci

Question 15

Which of the following theorists lamented that the effect of mass media was to instill a state of “sameness” across all aspects of cultural life– from work to leisure– and argued that this rendered subjects passive receptacles of ideology?

Answer 15

Adorno

Question 16

Which is the point in the circuit of communication at which a message is given form in language

Answer 16

Encodes

Question 17

When the male reproductive organ is understood not only as a biological entity, but also as a symbol of social power, what do we call it?

Answer 17

Fallace

Question 18

In the language of Marxist theory, the tier of the economic structure that contains the factories, property, and equipment is called what

Answer 18

base

Question 19

The male gaze encompasses the looks of the _____, the _____, and the male character on the screen with whom we identify

Answer 19

director/ viewer

Question 20

The formal study of signs that separates each sign into a signifier and signified is called?

Answer 20

semiotics

Question 21

What is the process by which we are recruited as subjects of ideology through our immersion language?

Answer 21

Interpellation

Question 22

What type of state apparatus functions primarily through education, entertainment, and social custom?

Answer 22

Ideological

Question 23

The school of culture theorists whose work focused on both forms of social control and how people actively resist social control was located where

Answer 23

Birmingham, England

Question 24

What refers to the connection between a signifier and a signified meaning that comes to seem natural through repeated usage?

Answer 24

Articulation

Question 25

What is the socially constructed way of perceiving and experiencing the world that makes the existing social relations seem natural and inevitable

Answer 25

Ideology

Question 26

According to Adorno, what is pornographic and prudish?

Answer 26

Culture industry

Question 27

What refers to the "love of looking" that we have from childhood, though later in life that love becomes complicated by the threat of evoking castration anxiety if we are "caught"

Answer 27

scopophilia

Question 28

Hall argued that communication breakdown occurs when a speaker ______ a thought in a message or text, but the recipient of the message/ text decodes it differently than the speaker intended

Answer 28

encodes/ decodes

Question 29

Hall claimed that the ____ paradigm promises to dispel the ______ which has dogged mass media research for so long, especially in its approach to content, by way of explanation he observes that a television program does not produce an automatic response, as would a tap on the kneecap

Answer 29

semiotics/ behaviorism

Question 30

Who wrote that the existence of the ideas of an individual's belief is material that in his ideas are material actions inserted into material practices governed by material rituals which are themselves defined by the material ideological apparatus from which derive the ideas of that subject

Answer 30

Althusser

Question 31

Who wrote that hit songs stars and soap operas conform to types recurring cyclically as rigid invariants

Answer 31

Adorno

Question 32

Who claimed that either deviant behavior or the identification of a distinctive uniform can provide the catalyst for a moral panic

Answer 32

Hebdige

Question 33

What kind of reading position acknowledges the legitimacy of the hegemonic definitions to make the grand significations (abstract), while, at a more restricted, situational level, it makes the own ground rules- it operates with exceptions to the rule

Answer 33

negotiated

Question 34

Who wrote that the event must become a story before it can become a communicative event

Answer 34

Hall

Question 35

Hebdige clarified that there were two different ways in which the dominant culture neutralizes the subversive potential of resistant subcultures:

Answer 35

the commodity incorporation and ideological incorporation

Question 36

The ____ refers to the traumatic moment when a young boy witnesses his parents having sex, mistaking his mothers vagina for a _____

Answer 36

primal scene, gaping wound

Question 37

Three sites of infantile sexual pleasure that are later rendered taboo by the repressive codes of society are

Answer 37

lips, genital, and anus

Question 38

What does gramsci calls working class intellectuals who spread revolutionary ideas in the places that workers gather?

Answer 38

Organic intellectuals