Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of time in descriptive epidemiology (1)

A

-common/point epidemics -shared exposure to
something noxious to a whole group.
-may occur within 1 incubation period for the infectious
disease.
EX Cholera epidemic in London in 1854.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Characteristics of time in descriptive epidemiology (2)

A

secular time trends

  • gradual changes in frequency over long periods of time.
  • These give rise to understanding if interventions made on the group, such as diet/exercise/medications/change in habits help to reduce the frequency of it.

I.E. lung cancer rates in the 1960s - 1990s - 2015.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Characteristics of time in descriptive epidemiology (3)

A

cyclic fluctuations/seasonal trends - increases/decreasesin frequency of disease/health condition over period of year(s).

i.e. birth rates, Flu, ER visits. flu has seasonal increase during cold, peaks/decreases from Feb-May. Give rise to understand why time of year has an effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Geographic Information Systems (GiS)

A
  • Provide spatial perspective & statistical analysis of geographic distribution of condition
  • integrated set of tools within an automated system.
  • does NOT create data.

IE find where disease occurrence/mortality is highest in research.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Death Certificates benefits

A
  • demographic information/
  • mortality/morbidity overall including cause of death
  • indices of public health
  • detecting outbreaks of infectious disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HIPAA

A
  • created standards for electronic exchange/privacy/security of PH information.
  • including PHI that can bring any identifiable info.
  • relating to provision of HC for a person. payments.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hospital/

A

S: diagnostic information may be of higher quality than that from other sources;

W:

  • difficult to relate cases to population denominator,
  • may not be well developed/ complete.
  • information may be hard to access
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ecological fallacy

A
  • Occurs where an analysis of group data is used to draw conclusions about an individual.
  • use statistical data and apply it incorrectly.
  • Try too hard to find factual support for their arguments.

EX - A study of a city is used to draw detailed conclusions about the people who live there.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

survival curve

A
portrayys survival time. 
UTILIZES
-- time of entry/
-- death(or other outcome/ 
-- status of patient at that time. 
-helps in research on infectious diseases, clinical trials, even psych disorders.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

clinics

A

S: Counts of patients treated;

W: -difficult to determine prevalence rates

  • populatipon denominator may be unknown.
  • information may be hard to access
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

physician records

A

S: useful in ID cases;

W:vary in completeness/quality,
duplication of cases for patients w/ 2+ providers
information may be hard to access

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

URBAN differences in disease rates as the characteristics of place in descriptive epidemiology.

A

Mortality and Morbidity: Diseases are more likely to be spread by person to person contact/crowding/poverty associated with urban pollution.

Ex: Lead poisoning has been associated with inadequate housing and is found in inner city areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

RURAL differences in disease rates as the characteristics of place in descriptive epidemiology

A
  • Unique environmental and cultural factors that could reinforce unhealthful behaviors.
  • Region has an impact on the factors affecting.

EX: Southern rural areas- the population is poorer, smoke more, more physically inactive, THEREFORE ischemic heart disease mortality is higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Urbanization Effects part 1

A
  • Infant, child and young adult mortality- Increased with decreasing urbanization.
  • Adult mortality- increased with decreasing urbanization
  • Poor or fair health status – Increased with decreasing urbanization.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Urbanization Effects part 2

A
  • Homicide – Mainly in Urbanization
  • Health Insurance – Increases with urbanization; was
    lowest among individuals in large rural metro counties.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Death certificates Limitations

A
  • chronic illnesses complicate cause of death.
  • lack of standardization of diagnostic criteria by medical personnel especially regarding ICD 9/10.
  • stigma of knowing patient.
17
Q

Causation

A
  1. Time order (IV  DV)
  2. Strength of association/relationship (linked somehow positive or negative)
  3. Ruling out confounding factors
    • something that looks like a cause but it isn’t
18
Q

1 Case Study Design

A
  • cannot nail down for C& ;E.
  • in-depth investigation of person or a service that is provided.

EX: Large aprtment complex, low to moderate income”
conducted a needs assessment. Nobody wanted to voice their opinions because of fear of raising of rent or getting evicted.

19
Q

Case Study Design S/W

A

S: Very in-depth

W: Cannot generalize to the population. Isn’t representative to target population

20
Q

2 Cross sectional

A
  • Cannot show for C&E but can only show associations.
  • Obtain only representative samples to generalize/infer whole population
  • Risk Factors and Protective Factors
  • Be cautious of language barriers, health literacy

EX: how much do you weigh? How much do you smoke? (reports are inaccurate).

21
Q

Cross Sectional S/W

A

S: - can tell about incidence/prevalence of a condition

  • can ask other questions to determine causative factors
  • relatively quick/ inexpensive

W: -Biased if it does not represent the population.

  • cannot prove time order
  • not good for rare conditions
  • majority of time, material is self reported
22
Q

3 Retrospective

A
  • Compare those that have/dont have disease
    -Usually clinically based study
    EX: Think about smoking. Looking back, of those with lung cancer, 75% were smokers. 25% not.
23
Q

Retrospective S/W

A

S:

  • good for rare diseases b/c it’s clinically based and we have access to ppl with disease.
  • observe association
  • clinical verification in diagnosis
  • relatively inexpensive

W:

  • HIPPA & confidentiality breech
  • organizing data
  • confounding factors that might influence the diagnosis
  • not generalizable to the general populations b/c these ppl are sick lol
24
Q

4 Prospective AKA Longitudinal design

A
  • following people over time- “Boyhood”
  • wait for risk factors to take effect for observation

EX: Get a sample of folks living in Oakland

  1. Do they have the Dx??
  2. If they have disease you are studying, then they’re KICKED OUT of study
  3. We only want those that are free of condition.
  4. Make a questionnaire and make them answer the questions
25
Q

Prospective S/W

A

S:

  • establish time order & C/E
  • association
  • can rule out most confounding factors
  • clinical documentation

W:

  • expensive af
  • HIPPA problems
  • hard to convince participation
26
Q

5 Experimental

A

Control (placebo)/Treatment (intervention) groups

  • Randomly assignment to groups
  • Pre/Post test at minimum W/ same questions
  • It’s a good thing when we see a diff b/t the control and intervention group
  • Maintain the greatest control over the research setting.

Ex: Clinical trial: Used primarily in research/teaching hospitals to test the efficacy of new therapies/surgical procedures,/chemo-preventative agents.

27
Q

Experimental S/W

A

S:
Clinical trials may help demonstrate the feasibility of a large-scale population intervention.

W: Expensive

28
Q

Culture

A

A system of beliefs
A System of Values
A System of Preferences

29
Q

Provide examples of how each of the three components of culture affect disease risk factors, use of services, and chronic disease management.

[Incomplete] HELP

A

A Belief System
Shapes Reality
Changes the way you perceive things
People who don’t believe the same way you do.
People who do not have the same belief system, treat as deviant