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BIOL256 Loyola University > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Condition

A

Abiotic environment that varies in time and space and to which organisms respond differently.

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2
Q

Components of condition

A

Temperature, pH, humidity, water flow rate

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3
Q

Resource

A

Factor that organisms may use up and make less available for others

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4
Q

Performance of Species graph

A

Species that survive may not be able to grow or reproduce. Species that grow may not be able to reproduce.

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5
Q

Homeotherms

A

Approximately constant body temperature. “Hot blooded”

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6
Q

Poikilotherms

A

Variable body temperature. “Cold Blooded”

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7
Q

Endotherms

A

Heat generated internally

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8
Q

Ectotherms

A

Heat from environment

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9
Q

A lot of hibernating animals are this

A

Poikilotherms

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10
Q

Behavioral thermoregulation

A

Can control body temperature based on behavior

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11
Q

Advantage of Ectothermy

A

Generally low cost. Plants can put more towards growth than towards thermogenic machinery. Choice of environment limited though

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12
Q

Advantage of Endothermy

A

Can exploit more environments. High energy cost though

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13
Q

Short wavelengths provide…

A

More energy

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14
Q

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)

A

Radiation that can be used by plants

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15
Q

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

A

Infrared rays get into earth and cannot escape. If at an increased rate then can’t escape atmosphere

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16
Q

El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

A

Warm water is sloshed back to South America and cold water is covered, resulting in less nutrient for wildlife, productivity decreases

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17
Q

Red Kangaroo Population during ENSO

A

Declined. Droughts reduced amount of vegetation kangaroos could eat.

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18
Q

Grasshopper thermoregulation

A

Change pigment. Increase potential for Hr gain (dark) or Decrease potential for Hr gain (light)

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19
Q

Torpor

A

State of low metabolic rate and low metabolic temperature

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20
Q

Hibernation

A

Torpor happening during the winter

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21
Q

Estivation

A

Torpor happens during the summer

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22
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

Atmosphere keeps surface of Earth warm. Gasses absorb infrared radiation emitted by solar heated earth and re-emit most energy back to the earth.

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23
Q

Walker Circulation

A

Air over warmer Western Pacific rises, flows eastward in the upper atmosphere, then sink over eastern pacific. Air mass then flows westward along southeast trade winds, gradually warming and gathering moisture. Western flowing air eventually joins the rising air in the western pacific. As warm and moist air rises, it forms rain clouds

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24
Q

La Ninas

A

Periods of lower sea surface temperature and higher than average barometric pressure in the eastern tropical pacific

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25
Q

Effects of El Nino

A

Easterly winds slacken and warmer waters come in. Upwelling on coast is shut down and supply of nutrients shut off

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26
Q

El Nino Effect on Great Salt Lake

A

Lowered salinity levels allowed predacious corixid bugs to move into limnetic zone. Corixids reduced Artemia, main grazing zooplankton species. As response phytoplankton biomass increased.

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27
Q

Pedology

A

The study of soils

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28
Q

Soil

A

A mixture of inorganic materials (clay, silt, pebbles, sand) , decaying organic matter, water, air, and living organisms

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29
Q

Role of Soil

A

Ecosystem: Nutrient delivery system, recycling system, waste disposal system
Plants: Site of germination, nutrients, support, decay
Animals: Refuge, sewer, or a complete habitat
Decomposers: Resource

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30
Q

O-Horizon

A

Surface litter. Freshly fallen organic matter. Usually absent in agricultural soils and deserts

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31
Q

A-Horizon

A

Topsoil. Partially decomposed organic matter (humus) living organisms, and some inorganic minerals

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32
Q

E-Horizon

A

Zone of Leaching. Dissolved or suspended material move downwards

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33
Q

B-Horizon

A

Subsoil. Accumulation of Fe, Al, humic compounds, and clay leached from above regions

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34
Q

C-Horizon

A

Parent material. Partially broken down inorganic materials.

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35
Q

R soil layer

A

Impenetrable layer. Cracks allow water to go up

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36
Q

Soil characteristics

A

Texture, porosity, permeability

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37
Q

Soil texture

A

Fine textured: Clay
Coarse textured: Sand
Loamy soil is best for farming

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38
Q

Soil Porosity

A

Number of pores per unit of soil

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39
Q

Soil Permeability

A

Determined by size of pores

40
Q

What do soil characteristics determine?

A

Water holding capacity, aeration, susceptibility to erosion, CEC, workability

41
Q

Types of Parent materials

A

Loess, Alluvium, Lacustrine,Till, Marine, Residual

42
Q

Parent Material

A

Rise of geological materials that make up soil

43
Q

Loess

A

Parent Material transported by wind

44
Q

Alluvium

A

Parent material transported by running water

45
Q

Lacustrine

A

Parent material transported by lake action

46
Q

Till

A

Parent material transported by glacial ice

47
Q

Marine

A

Parent material transported by oceans

48
Q

Residual

A

Parent material that remains in place

49
Q

Major Types of Soil Forming Processes

A

Gleizations, Calcification, Podzolization, Laterization

50
Q

Gleization

A

Happens in tundas.
O-Horizon: High organic with reduced Fe. Anaroebic, few organisms, slow decomposition
A and E-Horizons: ICE - Surface flooding. Little leaching below these layers

51
Q

Podzolization

A

Coniferous and Deciduous Forests
O-Horizon: Trees take up little Calcium
A- and E-Horizons: High rain leaches salts and Fe and Al. White color because Si left behind
B-Horizon: Deposited Fe, Al (clays). Yellow/brown. Can be hardpan and impede water and air

52
Q

Calcification

A

Grasslands
O-Horizon: Litter Ph~7. Less leaching, less rain. A lot of invertebrates. Organic matter mixed annually. Grass roots return Ca to upper soil layers.
A and E-Horizons: High organic content and thick
B-Horizon: Indistinct

53
Q

Lateralization

A

Tropical Rain Forest
O-Horizon: Barely present because of high temp and moisture and high decomp. A lot of weathering, mostly chemical via water
A- and E-Horizons: Intense leaching of salts. Clay (Fe and Al) left behind. Fe oxidized. (ferric)-red soil. Indistinct Horizons

54
Q

Community

A

An association of interacting species inhabiting some defined area

55
Q

Community ecology

A

The study of collective properties in the structure of multi species biological assemblages

56
Q

Collective properties

A
  • Species richness
  • Species Diversity
  • Dominancy
  • Frequency
  • Trophic structure
  • Stability
57
Q

Primary question in community ecology

A

Are there patterns in time or space in community properties even when species are very different?

58
Q

Three Issues in community definitions

A

1) Co-occurence
2) Recurrence
3) Communities tend toward dynamic stability (slow)

59
Q

Two Major Views of Communities

A

1) Individualistic School (H.A. Gleason)

2) Superorganism School (F.E. Clements)

60
Q

Individualistic School

A
  • Co-Occurence
  • An abstraction of continuously varying vegetation
  • Useful concept, but not a fundamental description of nature
  • A collection of populations with similar environmental requirements
61
Q

Superorganism School

A
  • Tightly coevolved in evolutionary time
  • Important in ecological time
  • not just an invention of ecologists
  • Species importance value distribution in clear pattern for superorganism. Usually in nature, distribution is random
62
Q

Gaia-Hypothesis

A

Earth can respond as a “super-organism”

The problem with this hypothesis is that it implies we can do anything to the earth

63
Q

Hypothesis for increased species richness at lower latitudes

A

1) Rate of evolution increases in tropics than in temperate zones
2) Stability-time: Tropics have been stable for longer periods of time. Evolution occurs
- Turns out tropics aren’t that stable
3) Rate of colonization, not rate of evolution, is limiting in temperate zone
4) Tropics are less seasonal than temperate zone
5) Spatial (architectural heterogeneity)
6) Greater species-specific predation in the tropics
7) Productivity: Tropics more productive, possibility of more trophic levels
- not really valid

64
Q

Community Structure

A

Refers to the absolute and relative abundance of species in a community

65
Q

Focus of community structure

A

what factors produce given patterns of species abundance. Not just how many species but which ones

66
Q

Major community structuring forces

A
  • interspecies competition
  • predation
  • disturbance
67
Q

Strong interactions

A

Some species have a strong effect on community structure. ex. Starfish pisaster on california mussels

68
Q

Keystone Species

A

Organisms whose feeding activity strongly control community structure

69
Q

Disturbance

A

Any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment

70
Q

Abiotic sources of disturbance

A

Fire, hurricanes, ice storms, flash floods

71
Q

Biotic sources of disturbances

A

Disease, predation

72
Q

Human-caused

A

Timber harvesting, road/bridge construction

73
Q

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH)

A

Species should be highest at medium disturbance.

74
Q

Australian Coral Reef demonstrating IDH

A

Have damaged and undamaged coral. Very similar to hypothetical curves

75
Q

Species Diversity

A

Species Richness and evenness

76
Q

Climax Community

A

Vegetation formation resulting from many years of development

77
Q

Biomass based on climax community

A
  • Temperate deciduous forest
  • Coniferous forest
  • Tropical rain forest
78
Q

Succession (climax community)

A

Non-seasonal, directional, and continuous pattern of colonization and extinction on a site by populations of a species

79
Q

3 traditional views of successional process

A
  • Facilitation
  • Tolerance
  • Inhibition
80
Q

Facilitation

A
  • monoclimax
  • one climax community for every climatic region that all stands of vegetation inevitably move towards
  • Successional mechanism is facilitation
  • ex glacial moraines on Glacier Bay, AK
81
Q

Facilitation as a mechanism

A

Each species in the sequence modifies the environment to make it more suitable for the next species

82
Q

Tolerance

A
  • Similar to facilitation- later species outcompete earlier ones
  • different from facilitation-early species don’t make environment more favorable to later ones
  • Sequence of species a result of colonizing ability, reproductive rates, growth rates, and competitive abilities
  • eg. sand dunes
83
Q

Characteristics of later species in Tolerance scenario

A

Fewer, less propagules, slower growth rates, but higher competitive abilities

84
Q

Inhibition

A

-Opposite of facilitation
-each species inhibits colonization by subsequent species
-External force required for succession to proceed
competition not a driving force in succession
-eg. old field succession and rocky intertidal

85
Q

Algae of Rocky intertidal

A
  • Ulva sp. is an early successional species
  • Red algae started replacing it in milder storm years
  • studies show that intermediate sized rocks that take intermediate force to turn over has highest algal density
86
Q

Old field succession

A

Old farmland will provide succession for plant community

87
Q

Temperate deciduous Forests

A
  • Cold winters
  • local variations: wet > dry
  • abundant understory
88
Q

Coniferous forests

A
  • Boreal forest- northern tier of forest areas, aka taiga
  • spruce and fir but also some aspen and birch
  • Cold with moderate amounts of precipitation
  • abundant understory
89
Q

Temperate Rain Forest

A
  • western edge of north and south america
  • a lot of rainfall
  • considerable amounts of seasonal variation
  • mixture of conifers and deciduous trees
  • Canopy layer, understory layer, ground layer
90
Q

Tundra

A
  • alpine area north of boreal forest
  • low precip. permafrost
  • relatively low biological diversity
  • simple vegetation structure- low growth forms
91
Q

Grasslands

A
  • middle latitudes in interior of continents
  • adequate precip. to support grasses
  • occasional droughts
  • Tall grass and shortgrass prairies
92
Q

Savanna

A
  • Grasslands with scattered trees
  • less rainfall and soils not as rich as in grasslands
  • Fire-very important
  • High biological diversity
93
Q

Shrubland (chaparral)

A
  • Short, densely branching shrubs
  • Winters: Mild and rainy
  • Fire and drought: very important
94
Q

Deserts

A
  • 20% of earth’s surface
  • Hot and cold deserts
  • Conflicting definitions: Most based on floristic composition and distribution. Some use animal composition or both and other criteria
95
Q

Hot deserts

A
  • Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Mojave, Sahara
  • Drought conditions year round. 15 cm precip. per year
  • Temp > 30 degrees Celsius commonly
  • Not many plants
  • Burrowing animals
96
Q

Cold deserts

A
  • Great basin, Gobi, Atacama, Namib
  • Precip. mainly snow or fog
  • Large temp. changes
  • Mosses, a few grasses
  • Burrowing animals
97
Q

Tropical Rain forest

A
  • <6% of Earth’s surface
  • Temp. rarely > 34 degrees celsius or < 20 degrees celsius
  • Precip. 125-660 cm per year
  • > 50% of known plant and animal species
  • ~25% of all known medicines
  • A biome of tall, straight trees

BIOL256 Loyola University (2 decks)

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