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HOD 1250 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Hazen & Shaver’s 3 types of adult attachment?

A
  1. Secure
  2. Anxious/Avoidant Attachment
  3. Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment
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2
Q

Describe secure adult attachment

A

trust, friendship, positive emotions towards relationship

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3
Q

Describe anxious/avoidant adult attachment

A

retreating from difficult interactions; might look like shutting down

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4
Q

Describe anxious/ambivalent adult attachment

A

excessive pursuit of partner, lopsided commitment to the relationship

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5
Q

What are the 5 communication strategies described by Maata & Uusiautti of a healthy relationship?

A
  1. communicative strategies
  2. metacommunication
  3. anticipatory social strategies
  4. ceremonies and rituals created in relationship
  5. sense of togetherness
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6
Q

What are the four horsemen of the apocalypse?

A
  1. criticism
  2. contempt
  3. defensiveness
  4. stone-walling
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7
Q

What is criticism?

A

a complaint taken to the next level by including statements that are blaming, attack character, or are otherwise insulting

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8
Q

What is contempt?

A

using mockery, sarcasm, and hostile humor with the intent to make one’s partner feel stupid, foolish, or otherwise inferior

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9
Q

What is defensiveness?

A

defending oneself from real or perceived criticism by making excuses, deflecting blame, or otherwise avoiding responsibility

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10
Q

What is stone-walling?

A

actively disengaging from a conversation. Includes looking away and not responding to questions. Often occurs when one partner is feeling overwhelmed by the conversation

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11
Q

How does one combat criticism?

A

use “I” statements, avoid personal attacks, use specific examples

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12
Q

How does one counteract contempt?

A

focus on the problem not the person, use positive body language

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13
Q

How does one counteract defensiveness?

A

take responsibility, focus on your own behavior, use active listening

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14
Q

How does one counteract stone-walling?

A

express your feelings, keep lines of communication open, be open to finding a solution

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15
Q

How do Christopher Hudspeth’s 18 Ugly Truths and contrast the behaviors described in them with the communication skills predictive of happiness identified in Maata’s & Uusiautti’s research

A

Maata and Uusiautto’s research found that happiness in a relationship often come from good communication skills, such as talking about each other’s day and feelings, discussing the way problems will be solved, how to act towards each other, doing things that remind the couple of old times, and spending time together in meaningful ways. This contrasts to Hudspeth’s 18 Ugly Truths in that Hudspeth claims that in modern relationships, there is very little communication, little caring for the other person, poor communication strategies, little to no planning, no investment in the relationship, no sharing of feelings, and little togetherness.

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16
Q

How did Garcia and Reiber (2008) define a hook-up?

A

A spontaneous sexual interaction in which 1) the individuals are explicitly not in a traditional romantic relationship with each other, 2) there is no a priori agreements regarding what behaviors will occur, and 3) there is explicitly no promise of any subsequent intimate relations or relationships. The hookup can comprise various sexual behaviors, and may include any or all of the following: heavy kissing and/or petting, oral sex, anal sex, mutual masturbation, and/or intercourse.

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17
Q

How does parenting promote secure attachment?

A
  1. secure base

2. encouraging exploration

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18
Q

What are the 4 qualities of empathy?

A
  1. perspective taking
  2. staying out of judgement
  3. recognizing emotion in others
  4. communicating that
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19
Q

What is Thomas Gordon’s Sensitive-Responsive Dialogue?

A

mirrors the sensitive responsiveness exhibited by caregivers in secure attachment parent-child relationships as characterized by 1) non-judgemental listening and 2) Being yourself as both speaker and listener

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20
Q

What does sensitive-responsive dialogue look like?

A

being open and honest in your communication with another person and listening to them non-judgmentally

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21
Q

How does attachment play into sensitive-responsive dialogue?

A

influenced by behaviors of mothers of securely attached infants, specifically that secure attachment is a function of sensitivity and responsiveness of the mother to her infant’s signals and needs.

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22
Q

Why is sensitive-responsive dialogue so hard according to Innes?

A

you are putting yourself in a “dangerous opportunity” where a disagreement could lead to a win-win solution but could also lead to a crisis resulting in a break up or divorce

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23
Q

What is level of interaction according to Maata & Uusiautti?

A

the different ways of interacting with each other, width of communication in social interaction

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24
Q

What is content of interaction according to Maata & Uusiautti?

A

quality and type of expression, positive and negative expressions ratio; if what you said is not what was interpreted, you take it upon yourself to fix it

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25
Q

How did Maata & Uusiautti analyze communication?

A

1) level of interaction
2) content of interaction
3) accuracy of information communicated

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26
Q

What is accuracy of interaction according to Maata & Uusiautti?

A

spouses’ ability to express themselves clearly as well as their ability to interpret the other correctly

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27
Q

Why does Innes advocate for developing a self-authored mind particularly around the topic of membership in populations that represent diversity/minority/marginalization?

A

Robert Kegan (1994) defined a self-authorized mind as having the ability to rise above the boundaries between groups of people and objectively compare and contrast the worldviews of each culture. Innes continues to comments that self-authoring people can examine the cultures of other groups of people in a open-minded and unbiased manner, without sensing a threat to their own identity and self of self.

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28
Q

How do Rhodes & colleagues as described in Barrios & Lundquist, relate the theory of masculinity to sexual behaviors of gay men on college campuses?

A

Rhodes and colleagues “posit that gay men, in not meeting masculine gender expectations, reaffirm their masculinity by engaging in frequent sex with multiple partners, expressing lesser romantic desires, and taking part in more risky sexual behaviors”

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29
Q

How are cis-gendered women subjected to a double-standard according to the authors?

A

If a woman engages in sexual activity, she is considered promiscuous; if she does not have sex at all, she may be considered a prude.

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30
Q

Which conclusions drawn from Barrios & Lundquist’s analysis of survey responses contradict commonly held stereotypical perceptions of gay and straight men?

A

They found that both gay and straight men are more interested in relationships than commonly believed.

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31
Q

What are the 3 types of differentiation in Bowen’s Family Systems Theory?

A
  1. Highly differentiated
  2. Fusion Enmeshment:
  3. Detachment Emotionally Cut Off:
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32
Q

Describe high differentiation

A

optimal family system promoting healthy development of members

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33
Q

Describe fusion enmeshment

A

individual family members lack appropriate boundaries; difficult to determine own feelings or problems stop and someone else’s begin

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34
Q

Describe detachment emotionally cut off

A

family members emotionally cut off and withdrawn from each other; members feel lonely and lack connection

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35
Q

What is meant by working model for future relationships?

A

The working model is an interconnected set of ideas and emotions within the attachment behavior system that is integrated with the self system. The working model is formed during infancy in your relationship with your caregiver and is carried forward to set our expectations of relationships later in life.

36
Q

What are the basic features of systems?

A

power, communication patterns, levels of differentiation

37
Q

What is the optimal status for families?

A
  1. high differentiation
  2. low enmeshment
  3. lack of detachment
38
Q

What does Bowen say are the two constructive life forces within systems?

A
  1. differentiation

2. togetherness

39
Q

Bowen asserted that the individual’s ability to step back and deal with stress/anxiety is related to high differentiation of the self from the family of origin; why?

A

They are able to step back and not get caught up in other people’s emotions and control their own stress instead of dealing with the stress of others.

40
Q

Describe authoritarian parenting

A

relationship is controlling, power assertive; high in unidirectional communication

41
Q

Describe authoritative parenting

A

nurturing and communicate openly with their children and use appropriate supervision and make appropriate demands on their children; demanding and responsive

42
Q

describe permissive-indulgent parenting

A

relationship is indulgent; low in control attempts

43
Q

describe permissive-negligent parenting

A

relationship is neglecting or rejecting; uninvolved

44
Q

What are the characteristics associated with children parented in an Authoritative style according to Baumrind’s research?

A

Adults who experienced authoritative parenting will be better equipped to engage in two way interactions when they establish adult relationships - better at communication and nurturance

45
Q

What was the purpose of Baumrind’s cultural specificity perspective with relation to her parenting research?

A

The cultural specificity perspective was to understand different cultural groups on their own terms, which is an important part of countering the potential ethnocentric assumption that the norms and standards observed among middle-class European American families represent the ideal for other ethnic and social groups.

46
Q

What are Marcia’s Stage of Identity Development?

A
  1. Foreclosure
  2. Diffusion
  3. Moratorium
  4. Achievement
47
Q

Describe Marcia’s Foreclosure stage

A

early termination of identity exploration process resulting in what appears to be achievement but based on “the unexamined life”; informed by socialization

48
Q

What are Marcia’s Stages of Identity Development?

A
  1. Foreclosure
  2. Diffusion
  3. Moratorium
  4. Achievement
49
Q

Describe Marcia’s Diffusion Stage

A

non-engagement in identity exploration

50
Q

Describe Marcia’s Moratorium stage

A

trying out different identities

51
Q

Describe Marcia’s achievement stage

A

attainment of identity status following adequate exploration and reflection

52
Q

What are Phinney’s stages of identity development?

A
  1. unexamined ethnic identity
  2. ethnic identity search
  3. ethnic identity achievement
53
Q

What is The Thomas Theorem?

A

“What is perceived as real, is real in its consequences,” or, groups co-construct their understandings of things and these perceptions are all co-constructed in part by how we are affected and how we influence the media

54
Q

What is social consturcivism?

A

what we believe to be true about ourselves, others, the relative value of different statuses and identities, and how the world works

55
Q

What were project implicit’s core findings around implicit bias?

A
  • implicit biases are pervasive
  • biases towards some groups run deep
  • people differ in their levels of implicit biases
  • individual variance is a function of dominance of a person’s membership group, consciously held attitudes, messages about groups present in the environment
56
Q

What are sources of our implicit biases?

A

Nature and nurture

57
Q

How do we develop implicit biases?

A

society, systematic oppression, nature, nurture

58
Q

What are strategies you might use to check your own biases?

A

think about how members of all groups thought to be represent diversity have been traditionally represented and perceived in dominant culture

59
Q

What is Able-ism and inspirational porn:

A

We use people with disabilities as “inspirational” to benefit the abled population

60
Q

What is frame of reference?

A

how we filter our lives; shapes how we read and experience situatins

61
Q

What is personality?

A

characteristics and qualities that make up an individual’s distinctive character

62
Q

What is positionality?

A

relational positions individuals are socialized into

63
Q

Contextual

A

meanings vary across contexts

64
Q

Relational

A

shaped by relationships of inequality

65
Q

Intersectional

A

social identities do not operate independently but operate in combination

66
Q

Intersectional

A

social identities do not operate independently but operate in combination

67
Q

What is prejudice?

A

internal perspectives coming from misinformation, missing information and lived experience that cause implicit bias

68
Q

What is discrimination?

A

our external behaviors in reaction to our explicit biases

69
Q

What is systematic oppression?

A

a result of established laws, customs, practices and values that systematically reflect and produce inequities based on social identity groups

70
Q

What is the cycle of systematic oppression

A
  1. Misinformation
  2. Mistreatment
  3. Institutionalization
  4. Internalizaiton
71
Q

How can we interrupt systematic oppression?

A
  1. Protest mistreatment
  2. Transform institutions
  3. Shift attitudes towards self
  4. Shift attitudes toward others
72
Q

Define social identity development

A

development model for understanding how people are socialized into, become aware of, and grapple with their social identities

73
Q

Define social agents

A

members of social groups of privilege within existing relationships of inequality

74
Q

Define social targets

A

members of social groups disadvantaged, exploited, or harmed by relationships of inequality

75
Q

What is Hardimen and Jackson’s discontinuous model of intersectionality?

A

Of target and agent groups, move from:

  1. naive
  2. acceptance
  3. resistance
  4. redefinition
  5. internalization
76
Q

Define social identity

A

how you and society see yourself in relationship to other people

77
Q

What are some potential identity groups?

A
  • gender
  • race
  • religion
  • age
  • education
  • class
  • ability
78
Q

Define hegemonic masculinity

A

societal hierarchy where we rank people based on manliness

79
Q

Define sex assigned at birth

A

female, male, other/intersex

80
Q

Define sexually attracted to

A

female, male, other, nobody

81
Q

Define romantically attracted to

A

female, male, other, nobody

82
Q

Define gender identity

A

how you see youself

83
Q

Define gender presentation

A

what you show to the world

84
Q

Define heterosexism

A

a system of oppression that benefits straight people at the expense of non-straight people

85
Q

Define heterosexuality

A

the dominant belief in a natural gender binary, in heterosexuality’s normative and default position as sexual orientation, and in privileging/reinforcing behaviors that conform to the gender binary

86
Q

What are some rules from Tony Porter’s Man Box?

A
  • Don’t cry or openly express emotions with the exception of anger
  • Do not show weakness or fear
  • Demonstrate power & control, especially over women
  • Aggression=Dominance
  • Protector
  • Do not be “like a woman”
  • Heterosexual
  • Do not be “like a gay man”
  • Views women as property/objects
  • Males decisions, does not heed help
  • Tough Athletic-Strength-Courage

HOD 1250 (3 decks)

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