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HOD 1250 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Hazen & Shaver’s 3 types of adult attachment?

A
  1. Secure
  2. Anxious/Avoidant Attachment
  3. Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment
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2
Q

Describe secure adult attachment

A

trust, friendship, positive emotions towards relationship

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3
Q

Describe anxious/avoidant adult attachment

A

retreating from difficult interactions; might look like shutting down

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4
Q

Describe anxious/ambivalent adult attachment

A

excessive pursuit of partner, lopsided commitment to the relationship

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5
Q

What are the 5 communication strategies described by Maata & Uusiautti of a healthy relationship?

A
  1. communicative strategies
  2. metacommunication
  3. anticipatory social strategies
  4. ceremonies and rituals created in relationship
  5. sense of togetherness
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6
Q

What are the four horsemen of the apocalypse?

A
  1. criticism
  2. contempt
  3. defensiveness
  4. stone-walling
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7
Q

What is criticism?

A

a complaint taken to the next level by including statements that are blaming, attack character, or are otherwise insulting

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8
Q

What is contempt?

A

using mockery, sarcasm, and hostile humor with the intent to make one’s partner feel stupid, foolish, or otherwise inferior

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9
Q

What is defensiveness?

A

defending oneself from real or perceived criticism by making excuses, deflecting blame, or otherwise avoiding responsibility

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10
Q

What is stone-walling?

A

actively disengaging from a conversation. Includes looking away and not responding to questions. Often occurs when one partner is feeling overwhelmed by the conversation

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11
Q

How does one combat criticism?

A

use “I” statements, avoid personal attacks, use specific examples

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12
Q

How does one counteract contempt?

A

focus on the problem not the person, use positive body language

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13
Q

How does one counteract defensiveness?

A

take responsibility, focus on your own behavior, use active listening

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14
Q

How does one counteract stone-walling?

A

express your feelings, keep lines of communication open, be open to finding a solution

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15
Q

How do Christopher Hudspeth’s 18 Ugly Truths and contrast the behaviors described in them with the communication skills predictive of happiness identified in Maata’s & Uusiautti’s research

A

Maata and Uusiautto’s research found that happiness in a relationship often come from good communication skills, such as talking about each other’s day and feelings, discussing the way problems will be solved, how to act towards each other, doing things that remind the couple of old times, and spending time together in meaningful ways. This contrasts to Hudspeth’s 18 Ugly Truths in that Hudspeth claims that in modern relationships, there is very little communication, little caring for the other person, poor communication strategies, little to no planning, no investment in the relationship, no sharing of feelings, and little togetherness.

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16
Q

How did Garcia and Reiber (2008) define a hook-up?

A

A spontaneous sexual interaction in which 1) the individuals are explicitly not in a traditional romantic relationship with each other, 2) there is no a priori agreements regarding what behaviors will occur, and 3) there is explicitly no promise of any subsequent intimate relations or relationships. The hookup can comprise various sexual behaviors, and may include any or all of the following: heavy kissing and/or petting, oral sex, anal sex, mutual masturbation, and/or intercourse.

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17
Q

How does parenting promote secure attachment?

A
  1. secure base

2. encouraging exploration

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18
Q

What are the 4 qualities of empathy?

A
  1. perspective taking
  2. staying out of judgement
  3. recognizing emotion in others
  4. communicating that
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19
Q

What is Thomas Gordon’s Sensitive-Responsive Dialogue?

A

mirrors the sensitive responsiveness exhibited by caregivers in secure attachment parent-child relationships as characterized by 1) non-judgemental listening and 2) Being yourself as both speaker and listener

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20
Q

What does sensitive-responsive dialogue look like?

A

being open and honest in your communication with another person and listening to them non-judgmentally

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21
Q

How does attachment play into sensitive-responsive dialogue?

A

influenced by behaviors of mothers of securely attached infants, specifically that secure attachment is a function of sensitivity and responsiveness of the mother to her infant’s signals and needs.

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22
Q

Why is sensitive-responsive dialogue so hard according to Innes?

A

you are putting yourself in a “dangerous opportunity” where a disagreement could lead to a win-win solution but could also lead to a crisis resulting in a break up or divorce

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23
Q

What is level of interaction according to Maata & Uusiautti?

A

the different ways of interacting with each other, width of communication in social interaction

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24
Q

What is content of interaction according to Maata & Uusiautti?

A

quality and type of expression, positive and negative expressions ratio; if what you said is not what was interpreted, you take it upon yourself to fix it

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25
How did Maata & Uusiautti analyze communication?
1) level of interaction 2) content of interaction 3) accuracy of information communicated
26
What is accuracy of interaction according to Maata & Uusiautti?
spouses' ability to express themselves clearly as well as their ability to interpret the other correctly
27
Why does Innes advocate for developing a self-authored mind particularly around the topic of membership in populations that represent diversity/minority/marginalization?
Robert Kegan (1994) defined a self-authorized mind as having the ability to rise above the boundaries between groups of people and objectively compare and contrast the worldviews of each culture. Innes continues to comments that self-authoring people can examine the cultures of other groups of people in a open-minded and unbiased manner, without sensing a threat to their own identity and self of self.
28
How do Rhodes & colleagues as described in Barrios & Lundquist, relate the theory of masculinity to sexual behaviors of gay men on college campuses?
Rhodes and colleagues "posit that gay men, in not meeting masculine gender expectations, reaffirm their masculinity by engaging in frequent sex with multiple partners, expressing lesser romantic desires, and taking part in more risky sexual behaviors"
29
How are cis-gendered women subjected to a double-standard according to the authors?
If a woman engages in sexual activity, she is considered promiscuous; if she does not have sex at all, she may be considered a prude.
30
Which conclusions drawn from Barrios & Lundquist’s analysis of survey responses contradict commonly held stereotypical perceptions of gay and straight men?
They found that both gay and straight men are more interested in relationships than commonly believed.
31
What are the 3 types of differentiation in Bowen’s Family Systems Theory?
1. Highly differentiated 2. Fusion Enmeshment: 3. Detachment Emotionally Cut Off:
32
Describe high differentiation
optimal family system promoting healthy development of members
33
Describe fusion enmeshment
individual family members lack appropriate boundaries; difficult to determine own feelings or problems stop and someone else's begin
34
Describe detachment emotionally cut off
family members emotionally cut off and withdrawn from each other; members feel lonely and lack connection
35
What is meant by working model for future relationships?
The working model is an interconnected set of ideas and emotions within the attachment behavior system that is integrated with the self system. The working model is formed during infancy in your relationship with your caregiver and is carried forward to set our expectations of relationships later in life.
36
What are the basic features of systems?
power, communication patterns, levels of differentiation
37
What is the optimal status for families?
1. high differentiation 2. low enmeshment 3. lack of detachment
38
What does Bowen say are the two constructive life forces within systems?
1. differentiation | 2. togetherness
39
Bowen asserted that the individual’s ability to step back and deal with stress/anxiety is related to high differentiation of the self from the family of origin; why?
They are able to step back and not get caught up in other people's emotions and control their own stress instead of dealing with the stress of others.
40
Describe authoritarian parenting
relationship is controlling, power assertive; high in unidirectional communication
41
Describe authoritative parenting
nurturing and communicate openly with their children and use appropriate supervision and make appropriate demands on their children; demanding and responsive
42
describe permissive-indulgent parenting
relationship is indulgent; low in control attempts
43
describe permissive-negligent parenting
relationship is neglecting or rejecting; uninvolved
44
What are the characteristics associated with children parented in an Authoritative style according to Baumrind’s research?
Adults who experienced authoritative parenting will be better equipped to engage in two way interactions when they establish adult relationships - better at communication and nurturance
45
What was the purpose of Baumrind’s cultural specificity perspective with relation to her parenting research?
The cultural specificity perspective was to understand different cultural groups on their own terms, which is an important part of countering the potential ethnocentric assumption that the norms and standards observed among middle-class European American families represent the ideal for other ethnic and social groups.
46
What are Marcia's Stage of Identity Development?
1. Foreclosure 2. Diffusion 3. Moratorium 4. Achievement
47
Describe Marcia's Foreclosure stage
early termination of identity exploration process resulting in what appears to be achievement but based on "the unexamined life"; informed by socialization
48
What are Marcia's Stages of Identity Development?
1. Foreclosure 2. Diffusion 3. Moratorium 4. Achievement
49
Describe Marcia's Diffusion Stage
non-engagement in identity exploration
50
Describe Marcia's Moratorium stage
trying out different identities
51
Describe Marcia's achievement stage
attainment of identity status following adequate exploration and reflection
52
What are Phinney's stages of identity development?
1. unexamined ethnic identity 2. ethnic identity search 3. ethnic identity achievement
53
What is The Thomas Theorem?
"What is perceived as real, is real in its consequences," or, groups co-construct their understandings of things and these perceptions are all co-constructed in part by how we are affected and how we influence the media
54
What is social consturcivism?
what we believe to be true about ourselves, others, the relative value of different statuses and identities, and how the world works
55
What were project implicit's core findings around implicit bias?
- implicit biases are pervasive - biases towards some groups run deep - people differ in their levels of implicit biases - individual variance is a function of dominance of a person's membership group, consciously held attitudes, messages about groups present in the environment
56
What are sources of our implicit biases?
Nature and nurture
57
How do we develop implicit biases?
society, systematic oppression, nature, nurture
58
What are strategies you might use to check your own biases?
think about how members of all groups thought to be represent diversity have been traditionally represented and perceived in dominant culture
59
What is Able-ism and inspirational porn:
We use people with disabilities as "inspirational" to benefit the abled population
60
What is frame of reference?
how we filter our lives; shapes how we read and experience situatins
61
What is personality?
characteristics and qualities that make up an individual's distinctive character
62
What is positionality?
relational positions individuals are socialized into
63
Contextual
meanings vary across contexts
64
Relational
shaped by relationships of inequality
65
Intersectional
social identities do not operate independently but operate in combination
66
Intersectional
social identities do not operate independently but operate in combination
67
What is prejudice?
internal perspectives coming from misinformation, missing information and lived experience that cause implicit bias
68
What is discrimination?
our external behaviors in reaction to our explicit biases
69
What is systematic oppression?
a result of established laws, customs, practices and values that systematically reflect and produce inequities based on social identity groups
70
What is the cycle of systematic oppression
1. Misinformation 2. Mistreatment 3. Institutionalization 4. Internalizaiton
71
How can we interrupt systematic oppression?
1. Protest mistreatment 2. Transform institutions 3. Shift attitudes towards self 4. Shift attitudes toward others
72
Define social identity development
development model for understanding how people are socialized into, become aware of, and grapple with their social identities
73
Define social agents
members of social groups of privilege within existing relationships of inequality
74
Define social targets
members of social groups disadvantaged, exploited, or harmed by relationships of inequality
75
What is Hardimen and Jackson's discontinuous model of intersectionality?
Of target and agent groups, move from: 1. naive 2. acceptance 3. resistance 4. redefinition 5. internalization
76
Define social identity
how you and society see yourself in relationship to other people
77
What are some potential identity groups?
- gender - race - religion - age - education - class - ability
78
Define hegemonic masculinity
societal hierarchy where we rank people based on manliness
79
Define sex assigned at birth
female, male, other/intersex
80
Define sexually attracted to
female, male, other, nobody
81
Define romantically attracted to
female, male, other, nobody
82
Define gender identity
how you see youself
83
Define gender presentation
what you show to the world
84
Define heterosexism
a system of oppression that benefits straight people at the expense of non-straight people
85
Define heterosexuality
the dominant belief in a natural gender binary, in heterosexuality's normative and default position as sexual orientation, and in privileging/reinforcing behaviors that conform to the gender binary
86
What are some rules from Tony Porter's Man Box?
- Don’t cry or openly express emotions with the exception of anger - Do not show weakness or fear - Demonstrate power & control, especially over women - Aggression=Dominance - Protector - Do not be “like a woman” - Heterosexual - Do not be “like a gay man” - Views women as property/objects - Males decisions, does not heed help - Tough Athletic-Strength-Courage

HOD 1250 (3 decks)

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