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Neuropsychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Concerning Vision, What is the Role of the Occipital Lobe?

A

Basic Vision (Lines and Shapes)

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2
Q

In Vision, What is the Role of Temporal Lobe?

A

Object, face, and letter Recognition

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3
Q

What is the role of Parietal Lobe?

A

Spatial Processing and Awareness (i.e sense of direction)

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4
Q

What is Optic Ataxia?

A

When eyes can’t track right

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5
Q

Is Optic Ataxia a problem with the eyes or brain?

A

Eyes

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6
Q

Eye Convergence Disorders interferes with what activity?

A

Reading

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7
Q

A Convergence Disorder is the inability to do what?

A

Voluntarily direct gaze to targets

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8
Q

The inability to maintain fixation is fixed with what handicap?

A

Glasses

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9
Q

When you have Topographical Disorientation, where is the problem located in the brain?

A

Further back in the brain

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10
Q

Topographical Disorientation is highly connected to which side of the brain?

A

Right

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11
Q

What is Apperceptive Agnosia (Visual Object Agnosia)?

A
  1. When you can only see parts of the object

2. You can’t figure out what the object is for

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12
Q

What is Prosopagnosia?

A

Face Blindness

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13
Q

What is the Disorder of Body Space?

A

When there is neglect of the body (usually the left side)

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14
Q

The Disorder of Body Space is the inability to do what?

A

To localize points on the body

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15
Q

You are mostly likely to see the Disorder of Body space after what incident, and in what area of the brain?

A

After a stroke in the right parietal (sensory) region

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16
Q

Auditory Processing Deficits are problems with what type of speech?

A

Problems with receptive speech

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17
Q

Auditory Processing Deficits often affects what part of speech?

A

Expressive Speech

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18
Q

What part of language does the Left Hemisphere control?

A

Word Choice

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19
Q

What part of language does the Right Hemisphere control?

A

Speech Prosody

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20
Q

What is Global Aphasia?

A

Trouble with both comprehension and production of speech

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21
Q

Wernicke’s Area (Superior Temporal Gryus) is involved in what part of language?

A

Integrating sounds for meaningful communication

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22
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

Word Salad

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23
Q

In Auditory (Language) Processing, what is the role of the Primary Auditory Cortex?

A

Process basic sound features (e.g. Is it a high or low noise?)

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24
Q

In Auditory (Language) Processing, what is the role of the Secondary Auditory Cortex?

A

Integrates sounds into understandable speech

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25
Q

Is the Auditory system unilateral (one side) or bilateral (both sides)?

A

Bilateral

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26
Q

What is Verbal Paraphasia?

A

When they substitute one word for another because can’t find the word they want

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27
Q

What is Semantic Paraphasia?

A

When they use words that have a similar meaning, but are not the same (e.g. Flower for Rose)

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28
Q

What is Phonemic Paraphasia?

A

When you use bits of words

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29
Q

Phonemic Paraphasia is normal error until what age?

A

6-7 years old

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30
Q

What is Prosody?

A

HOW you say it (ie. intonation)

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31
Q

What is Dysarthria/Speech Apraxia?

A

When you can’t get your mouth in the right position to say the word (ie. Tripping over words)

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32
Q

People with Dysarthria/ Speech Apraxia will often do what?

A

Make up their own words

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33
Q

What is Oral Motor Hypotonia?

A

When they don’t have full use of oral muscles

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34
Q

What are the five main processes to forming permanent records?

A
  1. Attention
  2. Encoding
  3. Rehearsal
  4. Elaboration
  5. Consolidation

Adam Eats Rice Enters Coma

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35
Q

What is the role of Attention in Memory?

A

Interprets and retains information for a short amount of time (I.e. Sensory Registration)

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36
Q

What is the role of Encoding in Memory?

A

To take sensory info and transforms it into permeant records

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37
Q

What is a Record?

A

The mental representation of information

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38
Q

What are the two types of records?

A
  1. Long-Term Memory

2. Working Memory

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39
Q

What is Long-Term Memory?

A

Information you know completely

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40
Q

What is Working Memory?

A

Memories that you’re working on or using right now

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41
Q

How long does Working Memory last?

A

A few months to a few years

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42
Q

What is the role of Elaborating in Memory?

A
  1. To embellish
  2. Make other connections
  3. Build better bridges
43
Q

What is the role of Consolidation in Memory?

A

To transform memory trace to record

44
Q

What is Declarative Memory?

A

Memory for facts

45
Q

What is Procedural Memory?

A

How-To Memory

46
Q

Procedural Memory is learned consciously or involuntarily?

A

Involuntarily

47
Q

Is Procedural Memory easily changed (flexible) or inflexible?

A

Not easily changed (inflexible)

48
Q

What is Non-Declarative Memory?

A

Implicit memory related to cues in the environment

49
Q

What is Conceptual Knowledge? (2)

A
  1. Knowing why something is

2. Why you do something in a particular way (ie. mannerisms)

50
Q

What is Episodic/Autobiographical Memory? (2)

A
  1. Knowing when and where something happened to you

2. Your take on the world

51
Q

What is Conditional/Educational Knowledge?

A

When is it the right time to do something

52
Q

What is Recall?

A

The retrieval of info associated with cues

53
Q

What is Recognition?

A

When a cue triggers a memory (e.g. Smell)

54
Q

What are the two strengths of a records activation level?

A

High and Low

55
Q

What is High Activation Level associated with? (2)

A
  1. Lots of Cues/Connections

2. Well learned information

56
Q

What is Low Activation Level associated with? (2)

A
  1. Less cues

2. Not that well learned

57
Q

Cues cause records to change from ___ to ___.

A

Low to high activation

58
Q

Cues can help us recall information from where?

A

Different memory systems

59
Q

Are emotion automatic or conscious?

A

Automatic

60
Q

Where do emotions come from?

A

Sensory experiences processed through the limbic system

61
Q

What are Flashbulb memories?

A

Events that occur during intense emotional arousal that are preserved with special accuracy and clarity

62
Q

What side(s) of the face are used to express positive emotions?

A

Both Sides

63
Q

What side(s) of the face are used more for expressing negative emotions?

A

Left Side

64
Q

What happens to emotions when the Left Hemisphere is damaged?

A

Catastrophic Reactions

65
Q

What happens to emotions when the Right Hemisphere is damaged?

A

They think everything feels fine

66
Q

In relation to forgetting, what is the Decay Theory?

A

That the strength of a record weakens over time if not used

67
Q

In relation to forgetting, what is the Proactive Interference Theory?

A

What you’ve learned in the past is interfering with what you’re learning now

68
Q

In relation to forgetting, what is the Retroactive Interference Theory?

A

New learning interferes with recall of old information

69
Q

The Hippocampus is used for what type of memory?

A

Declarative

70
Q

What theory does the function of the Hippocampus support?

A

The Long Term Potentiation Theory

71
Q

What does the Long Term Potentiation Theory deal with?

A

The formation of Long Term Pathways

72
Q

The Cerebellum is involved in what type of learning?

A

Skill based learning (E.g. Motor skills and language)

73
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

A neurotransmitter specifically involved with the use of memory

74
Q

What does Scopolamine do?

A

Stops Acetylcholine from working correctly

75
Q

What is Anterograde Amnesia?

A

The impairment of memory for information acquired after the start of amnesia

76
Q

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

A

The impairment of memory for information acquired before the amnesia started

77
Q

What type of amnesia tends to resolve over time?

A

Retrograde

78
Q

What type of Amnesia generally does not affect memory for skills?

A

Anterograde Amnesia

79
Q

Anterograde Amnesia affects which processes of memory?

A
  1. Encoding

2. Consolidation

80
Q

Retrograde Amnesia affects which Process(es) of Memory?

A
  1. Consolidation

2. Retrieval

81
Q

What are the five types of attention?

A
  1. Alertness
  2. Selective Attention
  3. Sustained Attention
  4. Divided Attention
  5. Automatic Processing

Allen Sips Something Dies Alone

82
Q

What is Alertness?

A

General Arousal (I.e. How awake are you)

83
Q

How long is the Alertness Cycle?

A

90 Minutes

84
Q

What is Selective Attention?

A

What you chose to focus on at any moment

85
Q

What is Sustained Attention?

A

Being able to stay and focus on something

86
Q

What is Divided Attention?

A

The ability to multitask

87
Q

What is Automatic Processing?

A

Behaviors that are on automatic pilot (E.g. Reading, Writing)

88
Q

What does the Reticular Activating System control?

A

Your level of arousal

89
Q

The Superior Colliculus used for what type of attention?

A

Selective Attention

90
Q

The Thalamus used for what type of attention?

A

Selective Attention

91
Q

The Right Fronto-Parietal-Thalamic Network used for what type of attention?

A

Sustained Attention

92
Q

What does the Cingulate Cortex do?

A

Makes sure you stay on task

93
Q

What does the Executive Attention System do?

A

Makes sure you keep your eye on the prize by using dopamine

94
Q

Injuries to what part of the brain negatively affects executive functioning?

A

The Prefrontal Region

95
Q

Concerning Executive Functions, how could brain damage affect Initiation, Cessation, and Control of Action? (4)

A
  1. Poor initiation of activity
  2. Apathy
  3. Reduced Speech
  4. Perseveration
96
Q

What is Perseveration?

A

When you start a repetitive behavior and it is difficult to stop

97
Q

What is Cognitive Flexibility?

A

How many different ways you can see something

98
Q

Goal Directed Behaviors are in charge of setting what?

A

Short and Long-Term Goals

99
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for Goal Directed Behaviors and the ability to sequence?

A

The Right Frontal Region

100
Q

What is the Ability to Self-Monitor?

A

To accurately judge your own performance

101
Q

The development of executive develops across the lifespan. (True/False)

A

True

102
Q

As the development of Executive Functioning increases, does planning increase or decrease?

A

Increase

103
Q

As the development of executive function increases, what changes in the way we deal with perseverative responses?

A

We gain inhibition of perseverative responses

104
Q

Attention, Memory, and Executive Functioning work together to do what?

A

Keep goals in mind so that they can guide behavior

Neuropsychology (4 decks)

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