Exam 2 Flashcards
__% of all children in the US live in families below the poverty line, __% of children in the US live in families below the inflated poverty line.
21% of all children in the US live in families below the poverty line; 44% % of children in the US live in families below the inflated poverty line.
National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) estimated ___ million reports of abuse involving about __ million children
National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) estimated 3.3 million reports of abuse involving about 6 million children
Almost ________ of the 6 million children NCANDS investigate were considered to be legitimately abused
900,000
List the CPS categories
substantiated indicated alternative response victim alternative response nonvictim, unsubstantiated intentionally false closed with no finding, no alleged maltreatment other unknown
What is the most common type of child abuse?
Neglect at 78.3%
Physical abuse constitutes __% of child abuse, sexual abuse constitutes __%.
physical abuse 17.6%
sexual abuse 9.2%
About __% of abused and neglected childrenwill later abuse their own children,continuing the horrible cycle of abuse.
About 30% of abused and neglected childrenwill later abuse their own children,continuing the horrible cycle of abuse.
About __% of 21 year olds that were abused as children met criteria forat least one psychological disorder.
About 80% of 21 year olds that were abused as children met criteria forat least one psychological disorder.
__% of all men in prisonin the USA were abused as children, __% for women.
14% of all men in prisonin the USA were abused as children; 36% for women.
What countries have not signed the human rights treaty of 1990?
Somalia, South Sudan, and the United States
By high school, nearly __% percent of children are physically disciplined, __% report being hit by a belt or similar object
By high school, nearly 85 percent of children are physically disciplined ; 51% report being hit by a belt or similar object
What did the Convention on the Rights of the Child achieve?
The human rights treaty with 193 signatures; offers basic rights to children, freedom of association, freedom from violence, right to health care, right to primary education, protection from child labor, drugs, war and sexual exploitation.
In states that allow CP, less than __ percent of all students are physically disciplined, with _________ having the highest rate of 9.1.
In states that allow CP, less than 1 percent of all students are physically disciplined; with Mississippi having the highest rate of 9.1%
T/F: There is substantial research evidence that physical punishment makes it more, not less, likely that children will be defiant and aggressive in the future.
True
List a few consequences of corporal punishment.
Harms relationship with parent and caregiver Decreases self-esteem Teaches that violence is the answer More likely to be violent and aggressive Higher risk of mental health problems Serious injury Increases anxiety and fear
Explain the difference between a felony and a misdemeanor.
Felony: serious offenses, including murder, rape, robbery and aggravated assault; punishable by more than one year in prison or death
Misdemeanor: minor offenses, such as traffic violations; punishable by a fine or less than a year in jail
_______ law enforcement agencies supply data to the UCR.
17,000
What is the difference between index and non-index crimes? Give examples.
Index crimes: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, car theft, arson, larceny ($50+)
Non-index crimes: all crimes not included in index crimes except traffic violations.
What did NIBRS add to the UCR?
detailed offender and victim information.
__% of US population are in a state that provides NIBRS information
29% of US population are in a state that provides NIBRS information
It is estimated that only __% to ___% of crimes are known to the police
3% to 4%
What is the NCVS?
National crime victimization survey, based on victimization surveys of 77,200 households conducted twice a year
NCVS only covers _ out of the 8 UCR index crimes.
Only covers 6 of the 8 URC index crimes (not arson or murder)
Only __% of all violent crimes involve minors under 18, Majority of juvenile offenders are male (71% as of 2003)Black youth are overrepresented in juvenile arrests
Only 15% of all violent crimes involve minors under 18, Majority of juvenile offenders are male (71% as of 2003) Black youth are overrepresented in juvenile arrests
What is white collar crime?
illegal acts characterized by deceit, concealment or violations of trust and which are not dependent upon the application or threat of physical force or violence
FBI estimates “street crime” costs the nation $___ billion a year.
FBI estimates “street crime” costs the nation $3.8 billion a year.
__% of African American males will enter prison during their lifetime, compared to 16% Hispanic males and 4.4% White male
28% of African American males will enter prison during their lifetime, compared to 16% Hispanic males and 4.4% White males
Compare lifetime chances of landing in prison for men and women. Also compare blacks to hispanics and whites.
Men: 9%
Women: 1.1%
Blacks: 16.2%
Hispanics: 9.4%
Whites: 2.5%
Compare vehicle stops by race.
African American (9.5%) and Hispanic (8.8%) motorists were more likely to be searched during traffic stops than White motorists (3.6%)
African Americans account for _ of 10 contacts with police, _ of 4 which involved force.
African Americans account for 1 of 10 contacts with police, 1 of 4 of which involved the use of police force
Which groups have higher victimization rates?
victimization rates are higher for the poor, the young, males, African Americans, single people and renters.
What is community policing?
Community policing is an effort to increase the interaction between officers and citizens, including the use of foot patrols, community substations and neighborhood watches.
T/F: By 2000, 2/3 of all local police departments and 62% of sheriff’s offices had full time sworn personal engaged in community policing
True
T/F: America is on the list of the world’s top 10 countries with highest incarceration rates.
True, 1st place with 753 per 100,000, followed by Russia and Rwanda
Crime rates are ________, prison rates are ________.
Crime rates are decreasing, prison rates are increasing.
Why have prison inmate populations increased over the past 30 years?
Mandatory sentencing for non-violent drug offenders.
What is the average cost per year of a state and federal prison inmate?
Average cost of one state prison inmate = $22,650 (2001), federal prison inmate = $22,632 (2001)
Each U.S. resident paid about $___ for state prison costs
Each U.S. resident paid about $104 for state prison costs
Give a rundown of the recidivism rates.
re-arrested within 3 years?
re-convicted for a new crime?
back in prison for a new sentence / technical violation?
- 300,000 prisoners released in 1993
- 67.5% were re-arrested within 3 years
- 46.9% were re-convicted for a new crime
- 51.8% were back in prison for a new sentence or for a technical violation of their release
How many people have died as a result from the death penalty since 1979?
Since 1979 - 1,075 men and women have been executed in the U.S. - majority occurred in the South, Texas and Virginia have executed 490 people since 1979
T/F: States with capital punishment have higher murder rates than states without the death penalty
True
Those who killed non-Hispanic African American people were __% LESS likely to be sentenced to death than were those who kill non-Hispanic Whites
56%
Give an example of a culturally appropriate sex practice not of current times.
During the Victorian age of U.S. society, women who had/admitted to having orgasms were thought of as sinful and/orsick.
What is the definition of sex trafficking.
“A commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act is under the age of 18 years”
Worldwide, sex trafficking is the __ most profitable illicit business.
Worldwide, sex trafficking is the 2nd most profitable illicit business
List some common patterns traffickers use to get victims under their control.
Promise of a better job in new country
False marriage
Being sold by parents, boyfriend
Being kidnapped
List the types of sex trafficking.
Prostitution; Pornography; Stripping; Live Sex Shows; Mail Order Brides; Military Prostitution; Sex Tourism
It is estimated that ______ to ______ women/children are trafficked internationally every year.
700,000 – 1.75 million women/children trafficked internationally every year
T/F The US is not a very popular place for people to traffic into.
False, U.S. is one of the 3 top destinations for traffickers (Japan and Australia) – CA, NY, TX and NV are the top states
It is estimated that ________ women are held in LA’s underground brothels
It is estimated that 10,000 women are held in LA’s underground brothels
__% of sex trafficking victims are under 25
87% of sex trafficking victims are under 25
__% of sex trafficking victims are U.S. citizens
83% of sex trafficking victims are U.S. citizens
In ____ the APA declared that it no longer considered homosexuality to be a mental disorder
1973
What court case struck down state laws preventing sodomy between same-sex couples
Lawrence et al v. Texas (2003) – Struck down state laws preventing sodomy between same-sex couples
Access to abortion has been historically, and currently is, limited by law, name two historic cases.
- Hyde Amendment (No Medicaid funds)
- Harris v. McRae (No tax-payer dollars)
LGB youth are _-_x more likely to attempt suicide than heterosexual youth – higher risk for depression, generalized anxiety disorder and substance abuse
LGB youth are 2-3 more likely to attempt suicide than heterosexual youth – higher risk for depression, generalized anxiety disorder and substance abuse
____% of all homeless youth in the U.S. report being LGB(and transgender or queer), though only 3-5% of Americans identify as LGBTQ
- 20-40% of all homeless youth in the U.S. report being LGB(and transgender or queer), though only 3-5% of Americans identify as LGBTQ
What are the HPV statistics?
1 in 4
What are the gential herpes statistics?
1 in 6
An estimated __ million people are infected with chlamydia annually.
2.8 million - chlamydia
An estimated _____ people are infected with gonnhorrea annually.
700,000
About ___ million Americans live with HIV/AIDS
1.2
What is a drug?
Any substance other than food or water that affects the mind or body
In a 2007 government survey, __% of the population over 12 used some illicit drug.
80%
What is the US’s most popular drug?
Alcohol
What is Eidetic imagery ?
Closed-eye visions or eyeball movies
MDMA is classified as a what?
Hallucinogen
List the schedules of drugs in USA.
Schedule I
No medical value and high potential for abuse
Heroin, marijuana, LSD
Schedule II
Some medical value and high potential for abuse
Cocaine, Oxycontin, Morphine
Schedule III
Accepted medical value and less potential for abuse than II
Marinol, anabolic steroids
Schedule IV
Accepted medical value and less potential for abuse than III
Xanax, Valium
Schedule V
Accepted medical value and less potential for abuse than IV
Cough Suppressant with codeine
What percentage of people get addicted to cocaine at first try?
5% to 6%
This is a federal law, passed in 1906, that required distributors to list the ingredients of a product on its packaging
Pure Food and Drug Act
What did the Harrison Act accomplish?
a federal law, passed in 1914, that required a prescription written by licensed physicians to be obtained for the sale of narcotics and cocaine, and that such sale be registered, recorded, and taxed
The Act did not directly criminalize addiction per se, but during a series of Supreme Court rulings between 1919 and 1923, maintaining the addict on a narcotic was declared an improper medical practice and hence, illegal
What was the impact of the Harrison Act?
Many observers argue that the changes in the addict’s legal status, shaped in large part by the Harrison Act, produced our current, extremely serious, drug problem
What is a drug?
Any substance other than food or water that affects the mind or body
In a 2007 government survey, __% of the population over 12 used some illicit drug.
80%
What is the US’s most popular drug?
Alcohol
What is Eidetic imagery ?
Closed-eye visions or eyeball movies
MDMA is classified as a what?
Hallucinogen
List the schedules of drugs in USA.
Schedule I
No medical value and high potential for abuse
Heroin, marijuana, LSD
Schedule II
Some medical value and high potential for abuse
Cocaine, Oxycontin, Morphine
Schedule III
Accepted medical value and less potential for abuse than II
Marinol, anabolic steroids
Schedule IV
Accepted medical value and less potential for abuse than III
Xanax, Valium
Schedule V
Accepted medical value and less potential for abuse than IV
Cough Suppressant with codeine
What percentage of people get addicted to cocaine at first try?
5% to 6%
This is a federal law, passed in 1906, that required distributors to list the ingredients of a product on its packaging
Pure Food and Drug Act
What did the Harrison Act accomplish?
a federal law, passed in 1914, that required a prescription written by licensed physicians to be obtained for the sale of narcotics and cocaine, and that such sale be registered, recorded, and taxed
The Act did not directly criminalize addiction per se, but during a series of Supreme Court rulings between 1919 and 1923, maintaining the addict on a narcotic was declared an improper medical practice and hence, illegal
What was the impact of the Harrison Act?
Many observers argue that the changes in the addict’s legal status, shaped in large part by the Harrison Act, produced our current, extremely serious, drug problem
When was the local phase of marijuana prohibition?
1914-1931
What was the federal Marihuana Tax Act?
a federal law, passed in 1937 and modeled after the Harrison Act, which effectively banned all possession and sale of marijuana until it was superseded by the Controlled Substances Act, passed in 1970
What was the controlled substances act?
= passed in 1970, the federal Controlled Substances Act (a.k.a., Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Controlled Substances Act) increased funding for the Public Health Services hospitals; authorized the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, a detailed, wide-ranging study of drug use; and established penalties for the possession and sale of drug categories or schedules
Superseded and replaced all prior federal drug legislation
T/F: Nixon the only recent president whose record reflected a stronger domestic commitment to rehabilitation and treatment than to enforcement
True
Who created the DEA?
Nixon
How do drugs play a part in the global economy?
Drugs are a source of income for poor nations with a demand from rich nations.
What are the schedule I drugs?
Marijuana, heroin, LSD
What is the trend for drug rates?
Declined after 1980, rose slightly after 2000
When was the local phase of marijuana prohibition?
1914-1931
What was the federal Marihuana Tax Act?
a federal law, passed in 1937 and modeled after the Harrison Act, which effectively banned all possession and sale of marijuana until it was superseded by the Controlled Substances Act, passed in 1970
What was the controlled substances act?
= passed in 1970, the federal Controlled Substances Act (a.k.a., Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Controlled Substances Act) increased funding for the Public Health Services hospitals; authorized the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, a detailed, wide-ranging study of drug use; and established penalties for the possession and sale of drug categories or schedules
Superseded and replaced all prior federal drug legislation
T/F: Nixon the only recent president whose record reflected a stronger domestic commitment to rehabilitation and treatment than to enforcement
True
Who created the DEA?
Nixon
How do drugs play a part in the global economy?
Drugs are a source of income for poor nations with a demand from rich nations.
What are the schedule I drugs?
Marijuana, heroin, LSD
What is the trend for drug rates?
Declined after 1980, rose slightly after 2000
