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Behavioral Ecology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cooperation

A

A behavior which provides a benefit to another individual (recipient), and which is selected for because of its beneficial effect on the recipient.

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2
Q

mutual benefit

A

A behavior which is beneficial to both the actor and the recipient.

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3
Q

altruism

A

A behavior which is costly to the actor and beneficial to the recipient where cost and benefits are defined on the basis on the lifetime direct fitness consequences of a behavior.

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4
Q

selfishness

A

A behavior which is beneficial to the actor and costly to the recipient

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5
Q

spite

A

A behavior which is costly to both the actor and the recipient.

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6
Q

game theory

A

An evolutionary approach to the study of adaptive value in which payoffs to individuals associated with one behavioral tactic are dependent upon what the other members of the group are doing.

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7
Q

evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)

A

A genetically distinctive set of rules for behavior that when adopted by a certain proportion of the population cannot be replaced by any alternative strategy.

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8
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma

A

A game theory payoff matrix used to study the evolution of cooperation in which the fitness payoffs to individuals are set such that mutual cooperation between the players generates a lower return than defection, which occurs when one individual accepts assistance from the other but does not return the favor.

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9
Q

reciprocity

A

Also known as reciprocal altruism in which a helpful action is repaid at a later date by the recipient of assistance. An exchange of altruistic acts.

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10
Q

kin selection

A

The process by which traits are favored because of their beneficial effects on the fitness of relatives.

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11
Q

direct fitness

A

The component of fitness gained through the impact of an individual’s behavior
on the production of offspring

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12
Q

indirect fitness

A

The component of fitness gained from aiding the reproduction of related individuals.

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13
Q

inclusive fitness

A

The sum of an individual’s direct and indirect fitness. The effect of one individual’s actions on everybody’s number of offspring weighted by the relatedness.

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14
Q

hamilton’s rule

A

The argument made by W.D. Hamilton that altruism can spread through a population with r*B > C with r being the coefficient of relatedness between the altruist and the individual helped, B being the fitness benefit received by the helped individual, and C being the cost of the altruist in terms of the direct fitness lost by the altruism due to his / her actions.

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15
Q

coefficient of relatedness (r)

A

A measure of genetic similarity. The average proportion of genes shared by related individuals.

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16
Q

kin recognition

A

The capacity of an individual to react differently to others based on the degree to which they are genetically related.

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17
Q

kin discrimination

A

An individual different reaction toward others based on the degree to which they are genetically related.

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18
Q

monogamy

A

A mating system in which one male mates with just one female in a breeding season.

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19
Q

mate assistance monogamy

A

Monogamy that arises because males gain more fitness by offering parental care for the offspring of his mate than be seeking out additional sexual partners.

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20
Q

mate guarding monogamy

A

Monogamy that arises because male gain more fitness by preventing one partner from mating with the other males than by seeking out additional sexual partners.

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21
Q

mate enforced monogamy

A

Monogamy that arises because one mate is able to prevent his/her partners from securing additional mates.

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22
Q

polygyny

A

A mating system in which a male fertilizes the eggs of several partners in a breeding season.

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23
Q

female defense polygyny

A

Polygynous males directly defend several females.

24
Q

resource defense polygyny

A

Polygynous males acquire several mates attracted to resources under their control.

25
Q

lek polygyny

A

Polygynous males attract several mates to a display territory.

26
Q

polyandry

A

A mating system in which a female has several partners in a breeding season

27
Q

fertility insurance hypothesis

A

An explanation for why females might mate with more than one male per breeding cycle with the benefit being an increase in egg fertilization rate.

28
Q

good genes theory

A

The argument that mate choice advances individual fitness because it provides the offspring of choosy individuals with genes that promote reproductive success by advancing the offspring’s chances of survival or reproductive success.

29
Q

material benefits hypothesis

A

An explanation for why females of some species might mate with several males per breeding cycle with benefits coming to polyandrous females because they gain access to the material benefits controlled by the several males.

30
Q

polygyny threshold model

A

An explanation for polygyny based on the premise that females will gain fitness by mating with an already paired male if the resources controlled by that male greatly exceed those under the control of unmated males.

31
Q

sexual selection

A

A form of natural selection that occurs when individuals vary in their ability to compete with others for mates or to attract members of the opposite sex. As with natural selection, when the variation among individuals is correlated with genetic differences, sexual selection leads to genetic changes in the population.

32
Q

intrasexual selection

A

Traits are selected that favor the ability of one sex to compete directly with one another for matings. Male vs. male competition is much more common than female vs. female competition.

33
Q

intersexual selection

A

Traits are selection that favor one sex’s ability to attract and mate with
other sex. Female choice of males is much more common than male choice of females.

34
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

A morphological or behavioral difference between males and females in a species. Most often the male is the more conspicuous sex and elaborate secondary sex characters that are often exaggerated.

35
Q

secondary sex characters

A

Morphological traits that differ among the sexes that usually do not develop until sexual maturity. Most secondary sex characteristics are assumed to have been favored by sexual selection.

36
Q

bateman’s principle

A

The idea that, since eggs require greater energy to produce than sperm, females should be choosier sex and this should result in greater variance in the reproductive success of males.

37
Q

mate guarding

A

Actions taken by males (usually) to prevent a sexual partner from acquiring sperm from other males.

38
Q

alternative mating strategy

A

Any variant of one sex that differs in morphology and/or behavior that has some reproductive success against the predominant mating strategy.

39
Q

good genes model

A

A model of sexual selection in which females choose to mate with males that possess traits that are indicators of good health and vigor – that is, traits that are best suited to their particular environment.

40
Q

handicap principle

A

A consequence of the good genes theory where by males with the most exaggerated traits indicate their good genes by having overcome the cost (or handicap) of such extraordinary secondary sex characters. Also know as the honest indicator principle.

41
Q

runaway (fisherian) selection theory

A

A form of sexual selection that occurs when female mating preferences create a positive feedback loop favoring both males with these attributes and females that prefer them.

42
Q

sexy-sons hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that females select among males based on genetic traits in the males what will lead to the production of sons that are attractive to the opposite sex.

43
Q

sensory exploitation

A

A theory of sexual selection that posits that females may initially prefer male traits that elicit the greatest amount of stimulation from their sensory systems.

44
Q

antagonistic coevolution

A

Sexual antagonistic co-evolution is the relationship between males and females where sexual morphology changes over time to counteract the opposite’s sex traits to achieve the maximum reproductive success.

45
Q

coolidge effect

A

A phenomenon whereby males exhibit renewed sexual interest if introduced to new receptive sexual partners, even after refusing sex from prior but still available sexual partners.

46
Q

by-product benefits

A

cooperation arises as a by-product of an otherwise selfish act

47
Q

enforcement

A

rewarding cooperation and/or punishing free riding

48
Q

What is an advantage of asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction?

A

It leads to an increase in the number of genetic copies you contribute to future generations.

49
Q

A male that defends his mate from all other males with a female that defends her mate from all other females is an example of what kind of mating system?

A

mate guarding monogamy

50
Q

prisoner’s delight

A

is a game where cooperators provide by-product benefits.

51
Q

African lions live in close knit groups called prides. Several generations of females (often related) assist one another in hunting for food, warding off unfamiliar males, and nursing their young. Where would this level of association put them on the scale of sociality?

A

social

52
Q

true or false? this statement is predicted by Hamilton’s prediction: altruism is only favored when individuals have no direct fitness

A

false

53
Q

Which of the following reasons best explains why females are favored to mate with multiple males?
a. Female fitness is always limited by her quantity of mates.
b. Eggs are limited and expensive to produce.
c. Females are at increased risk of negative consequence such as disease and reduced lifespan from
mating with multiple males.
d. Mating with multiple males may increase the genetic diversity of her offspring.
e. Female fitness does not increase in proportion to the number of males mated with.

A

D. mating with multiple males may increase the genetic diversity of her offspring

54
Q

Which of the following conditions is least likely to result in stable monogamy?

a. Biparental care in the form of provisioning is essential for offspring survival.
b. Females are rare and widely dispersed in the population.
c. Females are only receptive to fertilization during a very narrow period of time.
d. Nest construction and defense requires constant effort by both parents.
e. Males differ widely in traits that serve as honest signals of fitness.

A

E. males differ widely in traits that serve as honest signals of fitness

55
Q

Cooperation may arise by several different evolutionary mechanisms. Vampire bats regurgitate blood meals to roost mates. Which two evolutionary mechanisms may have played a role in the evolution of meal sharing cooperation?

a. Kin selection and enforcement
b. By-product mutualism and reciprocity
c. Kin selection and reciprocity
d. By-product mutualism and kin selection
e. Reciprocity and enforcement

A

C. kin selection and reciprocity

Behavioral Ecology (2 decks)

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