- a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus - salivation

EXAM 2 Flashcards by leah Karn

learning is

based on experience only, we learn by associations

-any durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience

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habituation

simplest form of learning, learn how to become bored with something
-decline in response of the organisms response to stimulus once the stimulus becomes familiar

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dishabituation

sensitivity to any change in the parameters of a stimulus to which one has previously habituated

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unconditioned response

unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

- salivation

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conditioned response

a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus

- salivation

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unconditioned stimulus

meat powder

- evokes an unconditioned response

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conditioned stimulus

-the tone/bell

previously neutral stimulus

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generalization

conditioned stimulus that resemble each other can elicit the same conditioned response

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operant conditioning

learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

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reinforcers

increase likely hood of behavior

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punishers

decrease likely hood of behavior

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positive reward

give something good

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negative reward

take something bad away

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positive punishment

giving something bad

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negative punishment

taking something good away

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assimilation

uses existing knowledge to deal with a new object

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accomodation

existing knowledge does not work and needs to be changed to deal with a new situation

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equilibration

occurs when a childs knowledge can deal with most new information through knowledge

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3 components of piagets theory

assimilation, accomodation, equilibration

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Piaget defined intelligence as..

reasoning, remembering, and problem solving. Children thought processes go through a serious of four major stages

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Sternbergs Theory

3 types of intelligence
experiental
intelligence
contexual (street smart)
informationo processing (strategies to learn things)

Maslows Hierarchy of needs

to get to transcendence/enlightenment you need to fulfill all needs below

Gardners Theory

He believes there are multiple intelligences

Encoding

attention (multi-tasking) - forming a memory code

retrieval

re-accessing of events or information

storage

placing newly acquire information into memory

short term memory

limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information - lasts for up to 20 seconds - can recall about 7 items

sensory memory

-preserves information in its original sensory form for a fraction of a second

flashbulb memory

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

bilingualism

benefits: know more words in two languages, have higher attention control, working memory capacity, abstract reasoning and problem solving disadvantage: language processing speed and look delayed in language development

Chomsky/Nativist

- language acquisition advice is an innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language. - children learn the rules of language, its not imitated

measure using stand ford binet (IQ test), calculate: mental age/chronical age x100 Percentile: indicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score that was obtained

Reliability

same results over time

validity

actually assess what you want to know

drives

internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities to reduce tension

goal of all drives

to reach homeostasis, be content

what % of the population is obese

36%

differences/similarities of phases of sexual cycle between men and women

differences: men think about sex more often than women, initiate sex more often, similarities: muscle tension, respiration rate, heart rate, and blood pressure increase

parental investment theory and sexual behavior

refers to what each sex has to invest in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and forgone opportunities to produce and nurture offspring

differences between men and women re sexual behavior

after an orgasm men have a refractory period where they are unresponsive to further stimulation. women however can have multiple orgasms

kinseys view on sexual orientation

sexual orientation is no heterosexual/homosexual its on a continuum

treatment of emotions

cognitive- being scared/need to leave behavioral- run -physiological- heart rate, nausea, dilated pupils

amygdala

"house" of experiencing emotions

risk factors associated with obesity

- hypertension - musculoskeletal - heart disease - diabetes

shaping (operant conditioning)

the reinforcement of close and close approximations of a desired response

discrimination

influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences ex. ( children learn to ask for sweets when their parents are in a good mood)

learning (acquisition)

responding gradually increases bc of reinforcement (thru shaping)

Long term memory

-unlimited capacity store the can hold info over long periods of time -

empiricist/learning theory of language

-believe language is learned behavior through childs social context

clustering

organizing information in memory into related groups