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EXAM 2 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Depolarized channels enter ____________, preventing charge from changing directions.

A

REFRACTORY PERIOD

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2
Q

To stop an action potential….

A

Use a Na+ channel blocker (dental anesthetic

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3
Q

GLYCOCALYX

A

A network of polysaccharides that project from cell surfaces.

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4
Q

COLLAGEN

A

Triple helix.
Tensile strength.
E space only.

Structural role

Ascorbic acid needed for collagen formation.

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5
Q

Collagen assembled into ________, which are packaged into thicker ________.

A

Fibrils, Fibers

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6
Q

PROTEOGLYCANS

A

Resist compressive forces

Negative charges due to hydroxyl groups

Binds cations (Mg+, Ca+), which come with water to form a GEL.

Feathery appearance.

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7
Q

FIBRONECTIN

A

Extra cellular protein

Dimer

Binding sites for numerous ECM components, including RGD, which signals with INTEGRIN PROTEINS

Cell migration: cells follow fibronectin path.

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8
Q

LAMININ

A

ECM protein

Trimer

Resembles a cross

Links network in ECM

cell migration

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9
Q

INTEGRINS

A

Dimer

Transmembrane signalers.

Can bind collagen internally, and talin externally.

Used for many tasks. (Blood clotting)

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10
Q

Tight junctions

A

Prevents proteins from migrating where it shouldn’t.

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11
Q

Two proteins that form tight junctions?

A

OCCLUDIN and CLAUDIN

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12
Q

Gap junctions

A

Signal between cells. Allow movement of small particles.

High Ca+ concentration shuts them down.

Only in ANIMAL CELLS.

Plant analogous system: PLASMODESMOTA

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13
Q

Gap junctions are comprised of six ________, which form one _______.

A

Connexins, connecton.

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14
Q

Many steps between signal and response allow for _______ and _________.

A

Regulation, amplification

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15
Q

List 5 second messengers

A 
Ca+
IP3
Kinases (phosphorolate proteins)
cAMP
G-proteins (binds GTP)
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16
Q

Calcium mediated calcium release

A

An increase in Ca+ triggers a release of more Ca+ ions from SER

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17
Q

Phosphodiesterase

A

Turns cAMP to AMP

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18
Q

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

A

Requires Ca+ influx (troponin and Ca+)

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19
Q

SENSITIVITY AMPLIFICATION

A

Changes affinity of calmodulin for Ca2+. Does not require Ca2+ influx (Calmodulin and Ca2+

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20
Q

ABSORPTION SPECTRUM

A

Plot of intensity of LIGHT ABSORBED relative to its wavelength

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21
Q

ACTION SPECTRUM

A

Plot of the relative RATE (efficiency) of photosynthesis produced by light of various wavelengths

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22
Q

Beta-carotenoids is

A

Pigment that ABSORBS blue and green light, REFLECTS red, yellow, and orange.

Secondary light collectors

Draw excess energy from excited molecules

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23
Q

Starting and end product of photosynthetic reactions

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A

Light energy + H2O -> NADPH + ATP +O2

24
Q

Starting and end products of biochemical reaction

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A

NADPH + ATP + CO2 -> Sugar (Glucose)

25
Calvin Cycle carbon count
5-6-3-5
26
2 mechanisms plants have evolved to separate excess CO2
C4 Pathway (SPACE), CAM (TIME)
27
RuBP
Binds with CO2 using Rubisco to form a 6 carbon intermediate.
28
Rubisco
Used in C4, CAM, and Calvin (C3) all use Rubisco to bind with CO2.
29
PEP Carboxylase
Binds CO2 with PEP in CAM plants to transport to bundle sheaths for photorespiration.
30
ATPase
Uses hydrogens and their gradient to produce ATP
31
SER resident proteins responsible for calcium sequestration (2)
CALSEQUESTRIN | ENDOPLASMIN
32
SER functions?
Calcium sequestration and detoxification.
33
3 Potential pathways from the ER:
Constitutive secretory pathway (continuous) Regulated secretory pathway (in response to stimulus) Endocytic pathway (exiting the cell)
34
SIGNAL PEPTIDASE
Enzyme in RER derived vesicles that cut off signal peptides.
35
N-linked glycolysation
Occurs in ER. 14 sugars added all at once to ASPARAGENE.
36
O-linked glycolysation
Occurs in Golgi complex.
37
BiP
Binding protein. Molecular chaperone. Used for protein folding.
38
PROTEINS DISULFIDE ISOMERASE
Breaks disulfide bonds between 2 amino acids, folds protein, remakes disulfide bonds.
39
UBIQUITINATION
Taking bad protein to PROTEOSOME for recycling of materials.
40
ER resident protein sequence:
KDEL
41
CoP II
Anterograde motion, moving away from Golgi.
42
CoP I
Retrograde motion, moving toward Golgi.
43
Key targeting signals for proteins destined for lysosomes
M6P
44
2 models of Golgi transport
Vesicular transport model (requires CoP II) | Cisternal maturation model (requires CoP I)
45
Protein that coats vesicles headed toward lysosome
CLATHRIN. V-snare (in vesicle) matches up with T-snare (in target membrane.
46
Enzymes in lysosomes
ACID HYDROLASE
47
Lysosomes utilizes ___________ to become more acidic
ATPase
48
4 functions of vacuoles
1. can act as lysosomes 2. can store inert materials 3. can push chloroplast to surface, increasing PS rate 4. Can store nutrients/proteins/carbs/secondary metabolites like pigments and toxins.
49
Cell interior is __________, must apply force for movement
THIXATROPIC
50
How do vesicles move?
MECHANOCHEMICAL ATPases, aka motor proteins.
51
``` MICROFILAMENTS: Protein? Polarized? Motility? Structural support? Motor? Size? Distribution? ```
``` Protein: ACTIN Polarized: YES, grow - to + Motility: YES Structural support? YES Motor: MYOSIN Size: 8 micrometers Distro: Eukaryotes ```
52
``` MICROTUBULES: Protein? Polarized? Motility? Structural support? Motor? Size? Distribution? ```
``` Protein: TUBULIN Polarized: yes, grow - to + Motility: YES Structural support: YES Motor: DYNEIN (+ to -) and KINESIN (- to +) Size: 25 micrometers Distro: Eukaryotes ```
53
``` INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS: Protein? Polarized? Motility? Structural support? Motor? Size? Distribution? ```
``` Protein: Many Polarized: non-polar. growth from middle. Motility: NO Structural support: YES Motor: NONE Size: 10 micrometers Distro: ANIMALS ```
54
CATASTROPHIC DEPOLYMERIZATION
If GTP hydrolyzes before a tubulin dimer attaches at the end, the entire thing falls apart.
55
PROFILIN
Binds to actin monomers.

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