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CMB > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Depolarized channels enter ____________, preventing charge from changing directions.

A

REFRACTORY PERIOD

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2
Q

To stop an action potential….

A

Use a Na+ channel blocker (dental anesthetic

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3
Q

GLYCOCALYX

A

A network of polysaccharides that project from cell surfaces.

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4
Q

COLLAGEN

A

Triple helix.
Tensile strength.
E space only.

Structural role

Ascorbic acid needed for collagen formation.

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5
Q

Collagen assembled into ________, which are packaged into thicker ________.

A

Fibrils, Fibers

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6
Q

PROTEOGLYCANS

A

Resist compressive forces

Negative charges due to hydroxyl groups

Binds cations (Mg+, Ca+), which come with water to form a GEL.

Feathery appearance.

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7
Q

FIBRONECTIN

A

Extra cellular protein

Dimer

Binding sites for numerous ECM components, including RGD, which signals with INTEGRIN PROTEINS

Cell migration: cells follow fibronectin path.

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8
Q

LAMININ

A

ECM protein

Trimer

Resembles a cross

Links network in ECM

cell migration

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9
Q

INTEGRINS

A

Dimer

Transmembrane signalers.

Can bind collagen internally, and talin externally.

Used for many tasks. (Blood clotting)

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10
Q

Tight junctions

A

Prevents proteins from migrating where it shouldn’t.

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11
Q

Two proteins that form tight junctions?

A

OCCLUDIN and CLAUDIN

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12
Q

Gap junctions

A

Signal between cells. Allow movement of small particles.

High Ca+ concentration shuts them down.

Only in ANIMAL CELLS.

Plant analogous system: PLASMODESMOTA

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13
Q

Gap junctions are comprised of six ________, which form one _______.

A

Connexins, connecton.

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14
Q

Many steps between signal and response allow for _______ and _________.

A

Regulation, amplification

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15
Q

List 5 second messengers

A 
Ca+
IP3
Kinases (phosphorolate proteins)
cAMP
G-proteins (binds GTP)
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16
Q

Calcium mediated calcium release

A

An increase in Ca+ triggers a release of more Ca+ ions from SER

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17
Q

Phosphodiesterase

A

Turns cAMP to AMP

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18
Q

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

A

Requires Ca+ influx (troponin and Ca+)

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19
Q

SENSITIVITY AMPLIFICATION

A

Changes affinity of calmodulin for Ca2+. Does not require Ca2+ influx (Calmodulin and Ca2+

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20
Q

ABSORPTION SPECTRUM

A

Plot of intensity of LIGHT ABSORBED relative to its wavelength

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21
Q

ACTION SPECTRUM

A

Plot of the relative RATE (efficiency) of photosynthesis produced by light of various wavelengths

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22
Q

Beta-carotenoids is

A

Pigment that ABSORBS blue and green light, REFLECTS red, yellow, and orange.

Secondary light collectors

Draw excess energy from excited molecules

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23
Q

Starting and end product of photosynthetic reactions

A

Light energy + H2O -> NADPH + ATP +O2

24
Q

Starting and end products of biochemical reaction

A

NADPH + ATP + CO2 -> Sugar (Glucose)

25
Q

Calvin Cycle carbon count

A

5-6-3-5

26
Q

2 mechanisms plants have evolved to separate excess CO2

A

C4 Pathway (SPACE), CAM (TIME)

27
Q

RuBP

A

Binds with CO2 using Rubisco to form a 6 carbon intermediate.

28
Q

Rubisco

A

Used in C4, CAM, and Calvin (C3) all use Rubisco to bind with CO2.

29
Q

PEP Carboxylase

A

Binds CO2 with PEP in CAM plants to transport to bundle sheaths for photorespiration.

30
Q

ATPase

A

Uses hydrogens and their gradient to produce ATP

31
Q

SER resident proteins responsible for calcium sequestration (2)

A

CALSEQUESTRIN

ENDOPLASMIN

32
Q

SER functions?

A

Calcium sequestration and detoxification.

33
Q

3 Potential pathways from the ER:

A

Constitutive secretory pathway (continuous)
Regulated secretory pathway (in response to stimulus)
Endocytic pathway (exiting the cell)

34
Q

SIGNAL PEPTIDASE

A

Enzyme in RER derived vesicles that cut off signal peptides.

35
Q

N-linked glycolysation

A

Occurs in ER. 14 sugars added all at once to ASPARAGENE.

36
Q

O-linked glycolysation

A

Occurs in Golgi complex.

37
Q

BiP

A

Binding protein. Molecular chaperone. Used for protein folding.

38
Q

PROTEINS DISULFIDE ISOMERASE

A

Breaks disulfide bonds between 2 amino acids, folds protein, remakes disulfide bonds.

39
Q

UBIQUITINATION

A

Taking bad protein to PROTEOSOME for recycling of materials.

40
Q

ER resident protein sequence:

A

KDEL

41
Q

CoP II

A

Anterograde motion, moving away from Golgi.

42
Q

CoP I

A

Retrograde motion, moving toward Golgi.

43
Q

Key targeting signals for proteins destined for lysosomes

A

M6P

44
Q

2 models of Golgi transport

A

Vesicular transport model (requires CoP II)

Cisternal maturation model (requires CoP I)

45
Q

Protein that coats vesicles headed toward lysosome

A

CLATHRIN. V-snare (in vesicle) matches up with T-snare (in target membrane.

46
Q

Enzymes in lysosomes

A

ACID HYDROLASE

47
Q

Lysosomes utilizes ___________ to become more acidic

A

ATPase

48
Q

4 functions of vacuoles

A
  1. can act as lysosomes
  2. can store inert materials
  3. can push chloroplast to surface, increasing PS rate
  4. Can store nutrients/proteins/carbs/secondary metabolites like pigments and toxins.
49
Q

Cell interior is __________, must apply force for movement

A

THIXATROPIC

50
Q

How do vesicles move?

A

MECHANOCHEMICAL ATPases, aka motor proteins.

51
Q 
MICROFILAMENTS:
Protein?
Polarized?
Motility?
Structural support?
Motor?
Size?
Distribution?
A 
Protein: ACTIN
Polarized: YES, grow - to +
Motility: YES
Structural support? YES
Motor: MYOSIN
Size: 8 micrometers
Distro: Eukaryotes
52
Q 
MICROTUBULES:
Protein?
Polarized?
Motility?
Structural support?
Motor?
Size?
Distribution?
A 
Protein: TUBULIN
Polarized: yes, grow - to +
Motility: YES
Structural support: YES
Motor: DYNEIN (+ to -) and KINESIN (- to +)
Size: 25 micrometers
Distro: Eukaryotes
53
Q 
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS:
Protein?
Polarized?
Motility?
Structural support?
Motor?
Size?
Distribution?
A 
Protein: Many
Polarized: non-polar. growth from middle.
Motility: NO
Structural support: YES
Motor: NONE
Size: 10 micrometers
Distro: ANIMALS
54
Q

CATASTROPHIC DEPOLYMERIZATION

A

If GTP hydrolyzes before a tubulin dimer attaches at the end, the entire thing falls apart.

55
Q

PROFILIN

A

Binds to actin monomers.

CMB (5 decks)

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