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BIO 126 PART II > exam #2 > Flashcards

exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

agonist

A

ENHANCE the activity of a neurotransmitter

≠ EPSP

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2
Q

antagonist

A

REDUCE the activity of a neurotransmitter

≠ IPSP

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3
Q

how does Botox work at the synapse?

A

it’s an antagonist. decreased ACh at the neuromuscular junction

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4
Q

how does cocaine work at the synapse?

A

it’s an agonist. it keeps DA in the synapse longer

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5
Q

Metabolic tolerance

A

changes in metabolic enzymes

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6
Q

example of metabolic tolerance?

A

ALDH levels are increased in chronic drinkers

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7
Q

Cellular tolerance

A

changes in brain cells

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8
Q

example of cellular tolerance?

A

decreased receptor density

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9
Q

learned tolerance

A

changes in behavior

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10
Q

examples of learned tolerance?

A

alcohol use and beam walking in rats, heroine users and overdosing

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11
Q

what neurotransmitter system is involved with addiction?

A

mesolimbic dopamine system

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12
Q

Anterior (rostral) direction

A

toward the head

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13
Q

Posterior (caudal) direction

A

toward the tail

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14
Q

ventral direction

A

toward the belly

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15
Q

dorsal direction

A

toward the back

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16
Q

ipsilateral

A

structures on the same side of the midline

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17
Q

contralateral

A

structures on opposite sides of the midline

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18
Q

Meninges

A

3 protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Dura mater

A

tough outermost layer (meninge)

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20
Q

pia mater

A

delicate innermost layer (meninge)

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21
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

lies between dura mater and pia mater (meninge)

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22
Q

2 division of the automatic nervous system?

A

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

arouses the body for action, “fight or flight” response

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24
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest and digest” response, opposes the sympathetic response

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25
what kind of information travels along the dorsal portions of the spinal chord?
sensory info (body to the brain)
26
what kind of information travels along the ventral portions of the spinal chord?
motor info (brain to body)
27
what are the 3 divisions of the hindbrain?
medulla, cerebellum, pons
28
medulla
oldest part of the brain, control vital functions (like heart rate and breathing), contains several nuclei
29
cerebellum
"little brains", contains the most neurons, involved in movement/balance
30
pons
bridge....connects cerebellum to the rest of the brain, contains several nuclei
31
tectum
located in the midbrain...the roof
32
superior colliculi
visual part of the tectum..... ex: friend waving across the street
33
inferior colliculi
sound part of the tectum.....ex: loud bang in the back of the classroom
34
5 divisions of the forebrain?
cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus
35
cortex
involves in sensation and movement & higher-order processes
36
basal ganglia
Involved in the planning and execution of voluntary movement, important for procedural memory
37
limbic system
Involved in controlling emotions and in learning and memory
38
thalamus
The brain’s greyhound station | ‘Director’ of sensory information
39
hypothalamus
Directs the autonomic nervous system Contains regulatory centers for Eating, drinking, Sexual behavior, Sleep, Temperature Direct link with the blood supply via pituitary gland
40
what are the 4 principles common to all sensory systems?
Sensory receptors Neural pathways Coding and representation Perception
41
general pathway for all sensory information?
Receptor > Relays > Cortex
42
what is sensation?
a neural representation of the physical world provided by a sensory system
43
what is perception?
subjective experience of sensation
44
Wavelength (λ)
distance between 2 successive peaks
45
Short λ
blues
46
medium λ
greens
47
long λ
reds
48
low peak on a light wave?
dim
49
high peak on a light wave?
bright
50
2 varieties of photoreceptor present in the retina?
rods and cones
51
rods
``` Scotopic More numerous than cones Responsible for night vision Responsible for movement vision Located in the periphery Only 1 type of photopigment ```
52
cones
``` Photopic System Less numerous than rods Responsible for day vision Responsible for color vision Responsible for visual acuity Located in the fovea 3 types of photopigment ```
53
transduction in the rod.....dark?
- Rods contain the photopigment, rhodopsin - Rhodopsin makes a molecule that binds and opens Na+ channels, keeping the rod constantly depolarized - This depolarization leads to glutamate release
54
transduction in the rod.....light?
- Rhodopsin absorbs photons and changes structure - Rhodopsin breaks apart - No longer keeps Na+ channels open - The rod hyperpolarizes - Rods decrease their release of glutamate
55
3 types of retinal ganglion cell?
Magnocellular (M cells) Parvocellular (P cells) Koniocellular (K cells)
56
Magnocellular (M cells)
carries rod information
57
Parvocellular (P cells)
carries cone information from L and M cones
58
Koniocellular (K cells)
carries cone information from S cones
59
right visual field is processed by the ________.
left hemisphere
60
left visual field is processed by the ___________.
right hemisphere
61
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
In the thalamus of the forebrain....Relay stop for vision. information is kept segregated in layers
62
Simple Cortical Cells
responsible for detecting shape
63
complex cortical cells
responsible for detecting movement
64
blobs
respond to color information
65
primary visual cortex organization?
Cells are organized into columns Columns are all responsible for similar functions -Orientation columns Each column responses to a particular orientation Neighboring columns respond to orientation shifted 10° -Ocular dominance columns Each column responses to input from a particular eye Full set contains a column for the right eye and a column for the left eye
66
what kind of information is carried up the dorsal stream and where does it end up?
Receives MAGNOcellular information.... projects to Area MT
67
what kind of information is carried up the ventral stream and where does it end up?
Receives PARVOcellular information ..... projects to Area IT
68
Bottom Up Hierarchy Theory
-Complex responses are generated from from simpler input e.g. dot of light >bar of light > shape > a box - “Feature detector neuron” e.g. ‘grandmother’ cell ‘Halle Berry’ cells in the temporal lobe
69
monocular depth cues
Interposition.... guy on horse Linear perspective....hallway Chiaroscuro...... shaded ball Motion parallax......looking out on the train
70
what theory explains the illusion of afterimages?
trichromatic theory
71
What is the physical stimulus of hearing?
the sound wave
72
Frequency (λ) of a sound wave
Measured in Hertz (Hz) Codes for PITCH (Low λ = Low pitch) (High λ = High pitch)
73
Amplitude of a sound wave
Measured in Decibels (dB) Codes for LOUDNESS (Low amplitude = soft) (High amplitude = loud)
74
complexiity of a sound wave
Pure (single λs) vs complex (mixture of λs) tones | Codes for TIMBRE
75
function of outer ear
to direct sound to the inner ear
76
function of inner ear
transduction
77
function of middle ear
to amplify sound
78
age-related hearing loss
Affects higher λs Exposure to loud sounds Poor circulation
79
hearing loss: conduction loss
Due to problems in the outer or middle ear
80
hearing loss: damage loss
Can occur anywhere along the auditory pathway
81
binaural neurons
Increased firing when info from each ear arrives simultaneously Decreases as difference grows

BIO 126 PART II (1 decks)

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