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BIO 126 PART II > exam #2 > Flashcards

exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

agonist

A

ENHANCE the activity of a neurotransmitter

≠ EPSP

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2
Q

antagonist

A

REDUCE the activity of a neurotransmitter

≠ IPSP

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3
Q

how does Botox work at the synapse?

A

it’s an antagonist. decreased ACh at the neuromuscular junction

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4
Q

how does cocaine work at the synapse?

A

it’s an agonist. it keeps DA in the synapse longer

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5
Q

Metabolic tolerance

A

changes in metabolic enzymes

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6
Q

example of metabolic tolerance?

A

ALDH levels are increased in chronic drinkers

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7
Q

Cellular tolerance

A

changes in brain cells

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8
Q

example of cellular tolerance?

A

decreased receptor density

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9
Q

learned tolerance

A

changes in behavior

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10
Q

examples of learned tolerance?

A

alcohol use and beam walking in rats, heroine users and overdosing

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11
Q

what neurotransmitter system is involved with addiction?

A

mesolimbic dopamine system

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12
Q

Anterior (rostral) direction

A

toward the head

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13
Q

Posterior (caudal) direction

A

toward the tail

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14
Q

ventral direction

A

toward the belly

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15
Q

dorsal direction

A

toward the back

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16
Q

ipsilateral

A

structures on the same side of the midline

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17
Q

contralateral

A

structures on opposite sides of the midline

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18
Q

Meninges

A

3 protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Dura mater

A

tough outermost layer (meninge)

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20
Q

pia mater

A

delicate innermost layer (meninge)

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21
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

lies between dura mater and pia mater (meninge)

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22
Q

2 division of the automatic nervous system?

A

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

arouses the body for action, “fight or flight” response

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24
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest and digest” response, opposes the sympathetic response

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25
Q

what kind of information travels along the dorsal portions of the spinal chord?

A

sensory info (body to the brain)

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26
Q

what kind of information travels along the ventral portions of the spinal chord?

A

motor info (brain to body)

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27
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the hindbrain?

A

medulla, cerebellum, pons

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28
Q

medulla

A

oldest part of the brain, control vital functions (like heart rate and breathing), contains several nuclei

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29
Q

cerebellum

A

“little brains”, contains the most neurons, involved in movement/balance

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30
Q

pons

A

bridge….connects cerebellum to the rest of the brain, contains several nuclei

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31
Q

tectum

A

located in the midbrain…the roof

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32
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual part of the tectum….. ex: friend waving across the street

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33
Q

inferior colliculi

A

sound part of the tectum…..ex: loud bang in the back of the classroom

34
Q

5 divisions of the forebrain?

A

cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus

35
Q

cortex

A

involves in sensation and movement & higher-order processes

36
Q

basal ganglia

A

Involved in the planning and execution of voluntary movement, important for procedural memory

37
Q

limbic system

A

Involved in controlling emotions and in learning and memory

38
Q

thalamus

A

The brain’s greyhound station

‘Director’ of sensory information

39
Q

hypothalamus

A

Directs the autonomic nervous system
Contains regulatory centers for Eating, drinking, Sexual behavior, Sleep, Temperature
Direct link with the blood supply via pituitary gland

40
Q

what are the 4 principles common to all sensory systems?

A

Sensory receptors
Neural pathways
Coding and representation
Perception

41
Q

general pathway for all sensory information?

A

Receptor > Relays > Cortex

42
Q

what is sensation?

A

a neural representation of the physical world provided by a sensory system

43
Q

what is perception?

A

subjective experience of sensation

44
Q

Wavelength (λ)

A

distance between 2 successive peaks

45
Q

Short λ

A

blues

46
Q

medium λ

A

greens

47
Q

long λ

A

reds

48
Q

low peak on a light wave?

A

dim

49
Q

high peak on a light wave?

A

bright

50
Q

2 varieties of photoreceptor present in the retina?

A

rods and cones

51
Q

rods

A 
Scotopic
More numerous than cones
Responsible for night vision
Responsible for movement vision
Located in the periphery 
Only 1 type of photopigment
52
Q

cones

A 
Photopic System
Less numerous than rods
Responsible for day vision
Responsible for color vision
Responsible for visual acuity
Located in the fovea
3 types of photopigment
53
Q

transduction in the rod…..dark?

A
  • Rods contain the photopigment, rhodopsin
  • Rhodopsin makes a molecule that binds and opens Na+ channels, keeping the rod constantly depolarized
  • This depolarization leads to glutamate release
54
Q

transduction in the rod…..light?

A
  • Rhodopsin absorbs photons and changes structure
  • Rhodopsin breaks apart
  • No longer keeps Na+ channels open
  • The rod hyperpolarizes
  • Rods decrease their release of glutamate
55
Q

3 types of retinal ganglion cell?

A

Magnocellular (M cells)
Parvocellular (P cells)
Koniocellular (K cells)

56
Q

Magnocellular (M cells)

A

carries rod information

57
Q

Parvocellular (P cells)

A

carries cone information from L and M cones

58
Q

Koniocellular (K cells)

A

carries cone information from S cones

59
Q

right visual field is processed by the ________.

A

left hemisphere

60
Q

left visual field is processed by the ___________.

A

right hemisphere

61
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

In the thalamus of the forebrain….Relay stop for vision. information is kept segregated in layers

62
Q

Simple Cortical Cells

A

responsible for detecting shape

63
Q

complex cortical cells

A

responsible for detecting movement

64
Q

blobs

A

respond to color information

65
Q

primary visual cortex organization?

A

Cells are organized into columns
Columns are all responsible for similar functions
-Orientation columns
Each column responses to a particular orientation
Neighboring columns respond to orientation shifted 10°
-Ocular dominance columns
Each column responses to input from a particular eye
Full set contains a column for the right eye and a column for the left eye

66
Q

what kind of information is carried up the dorsal stream and where does it end up?

A

Receives MAGNOcellular information…. projects to Area MT

67
Q

what kind of information is carried up the ventral stream and where does it end up?

A

Receives PARVOcellular information ….. projects to Area IT

68
Q

Bottom Up Hierarchy Theory

A

-Complex responses are generated from from simpler input
e.g. dot of light >bar of light > shape > a box
- “Feature detector neuron”
e.g. ‘grandmother’ cell
‘Halle Berry’ cells in the temporal lobe

69
Q

monocular depth cues

A

Interposition…. guy on horse
Linear perspective….hallway
Chiaroscuro…… shaded ball
Motion parallax……looking out on the train

70
Q

what theory explains the illusion of afterimages?

A

trichromatic theory

71
Q

What is the physical stimulus of hearing?

A

the sound wave

72
Q

Frequency (λ) of a sound wave

A

Measured in Hertz (Hz)
Codes for PITCH
(Low λ = Low pitch)
(High λ = High pitch)

73
Q

Amplitude of a sound wave

A

Measured in Decibels (dB)
Codes for LOUDNESS
(Low amplitude = soft)
(High amplitude = loud)

74
Q

complexiity of a sound wave

A

Pure (single λs) vs complex (mixture of λs) tones

Codes for TIMBRE

75
Q

function of outer ear

A

to direct sound to the inner ear

76
Q

function of inner ear

A

transduction

77
Q

function of middle ear

A

to amplify sound

78
Q

age-related hearing loss

A

Affects higher λs
Exposure to loud sounds
Poor circulation

79
Q

hearing loss: conduction loss

A

Due to problems in the outer or middle ear

80
Q

hearing loss: damage loss

A

Can occur anywhere along the auditory pathway

81
Q

binaural neurons

A

Increased firing when info from each ear arrives simultaneously
Decreases as difference grows

BIO 126 PART II (1 decks)

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