Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Biological evolution
A
Is the change, over time, of the proportions
of individual organisms differing
genetically in one or more traits; such
changes transpire by the origin and
subsequent alteration of genotypes from
generation to generation with populations
of organisms
2
Q
evolutionary history
A
- all organisms are related in a kind of pedigree; some are more closely related than others
- the pattern of evolutionary relationships can reveal important information about the appearance of novel traits and its effects on subsequent diversity
- provides a framework for comparison among sometimes distantly related organisms.
3
Q
Inferring evolutionary history
A
- usually can’t observe speciation and extinction directly
- must be inferred from fossil record, geology, and reconstruction phyologenetic trees
4
Q
Taxonomy
A
-theory and practice of describing biodiversity, arranging into a system of classification and devising identification keys
5
Q
Alpha taxonomy
A
species descriptions
6
Q
beta taxonomy
A
arrangement into a natural system of classification
7
Q
gamma taxonomy
A
analysis of intraspecific variation and the study of evolution
8
Q
Species according to C Tate Regan
A
“a group of organisms with distinctive enough
characters, that in the opinion of a competent
taxonomist, are sufficiently definite to entitle them to a
specific name”
9
Q
species according to Ernst Mayr
A
“groups of actually or potentially interbreeding
populations that are reproductively isolated from other
such groups”
10
Q
species Joel Cracraft
A
“a demonstrably monophyletic assemblage of
populations”
11
Q
species Ed Wiley
A
“a single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations
which maintains its identity from other such lineages and
which has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical
fate”
12
Q
Systematics
A
study of evolutionary relationships postulated to exist among species or higher taxa such as families and orders
-use cladograms and phylograms
13
Q
Cladograms
A
show common ancestry, but do not indicate the amount of evolutionary time
-can show key transitions
14
Q
Phylograms
A
branch lengths are proportional to amount of time
-can show when a species arose and when it went extinct based on branch length
15
Q
Subphylym Cephalochordata
A
- Branchiostoma, amphioxis, lancets
- inverterate chordate
- accepted as sister group to vertebrates
- lack a cranium, brain, well developed heart, RBCs, gills
- segmented features
16
Q
Life history and ecology of cephalochordata
A
- spawning in early summer, larval metamorphose into adult form in 2-5 months, adults live 1-4 years
- burrowing filter feeders, planktonic larvae
- ciliated pharyngeal cavity, endostyle
17
Q
Hagfishes– myxiniformes
A
- most ancestral vert (controversial)
- some morphological data suggests monophyly of hagfishes and lampreys; vertically biting tongue, velum, nuc sequences info
- imperiled in parts of its range due to overfishing
18
Q
hagfishes body form
A
• Elongate, eel-like, round buccal cavity with
rasping teeth and tounge
• Single gonad, rather than paired
• Four hearts: (1) posterior to gills; (3) just behind
mouth
• Respiration at gills; cutaneous
• Lack complete eyes, possess sensory barbels; slime glands and pores
• Taxonomy and systematics based on number of
gill ducts, slime pores
19
Q
Hag fishes diversity and distribution
A
- world wide, marine, restricted to cold water
- few species occur in water shallower than 30m, limited by salinity and temperature
- one family (mxyinidae) with 60 species
20
Q
hagfish life history features
A
- females produce few large eggs, direct development
- probably iteroparous
- age at maturity, reproductive lifesapn, spawning time and behavior unknown
- scavenger feeders
21
Q
Lampreys- petromyzontiformes
A
- superficially resemble hagishes
- parasitic and non parasitic species
- produce ammocoete larva similar to Cephalochordate, but differ in feeding mechanism
22
Q
lamp reys body form
A
• Elongate, eel-like, round buccal cavity, rasping
teeth and tongue
• Single gonad
• Single heart
• Respire at gills, branchial sacs, tidal ventilation
• Parasitic form with complete eyes; non-parasitic
eyes reduced
• Largest diploid chromosome number for a
vertebrate
23
Q
lampreys diversity and distribution
A
- worldwide, temperate zone
- non parasitic (freshwater) parasitic (freshwater; anadromous)
- one family (petromyzontidae) 40 species
24
Q
Conodonts
A
- known from fossilized teeth
- v shaped muscle bundles
- mineralized tissues
- notochord present
- ray like fin elements
25
ostracoderms
- much disagreement about the relationships of these jawless fishes
- possessed acellular dermal armor consisting of enamel, dentine, and bone
- occur first in marine strata then in freshwater
26
pteraspida (diplorhina)
- 6 families, 50 genera recognized
- evolutionary trend toward reducing dermal armor
- development of lateral projections
- extinct
- big bony plates
27
Cephalaspida (Monorhina)
- appear in the fossil record about 30 my after pteraspids
- cellular dermal armor
- inernal fin musculature
- ossification of endoskeleton--first time this is seen
- indirect development
28
where do jaws come from
- most widely accepted hypothesis is that jaws arose from anterior pair of visceral gill arch support
- key structures involved: nueral crest cells, chondocranium, dematocranium, spanchonocranium
29
Placodermi
-extinct gnathostimes, probably the most ancestral lineage (sister group to all other gnathostomes
-occur in first marine deposits in the Ordivician
-reduction in dermal armor
-craniovertebral joint
possibly pelvic claspers
30
Acanthodians
- earliest known jawed fishes
- sister to Osteichythes
- appear in the late Ordivician 440 mya
- two rows of ventral paired fins preceded by a spine
- most closely related to Osteichthyes because of bony operculum; branchiostegal rays from hypobranchial elements, and three otiths
31
Chordates
presence of notochord at some point in development; elaborates during development for most
32
difficulties in inferring evolutionary history
- soft anatomy not preserved in fossil record
| - have to be able to date geographical matter
33
phylogenetic trees
- hypotheses of putting mutations together
| - taxonomy reflects evolution
34
urochordata
-larval from has notochord even though adult form does not look like a chordate
35
post anal tail
common in all chordates
36
hagfishes-- other information
- make a lot of mucous
- osmoconformers
- notochord persists through whole life
- can time themselves into knots
37
lampreys other info
- 7 distinct gill pores
- resemble hagfishbut have distinct eyes
- non parasitic have softer mouths while parastic have sharp teeth
- largest diploid number of any chordate
- pineal gland that can detect light fro body rhythyms
- pseudo vertrebrae
38
Where do jaws come from?
- most widely accepted hypothesis is that jaws arose from anterior pair of visceral gill arch supports
- give gill slits in species with jaw
39
Spiracle
precursor to ear canal
40
key structures involved in jaw formation
- neural crest cells
- chondrocranium
- dematocranium
- splanchonocranium
41
evolutionary drives for jaw development
- ventilation
| - feeding
42
Placodermi
• Extinct gnathostomes, probably the most
ancestral lineage (i.e., it is the sister group to all
other gnathostomes)
• Occur first in marine deposits in the Ordivician
(470 my ago)
• Reduction in dermal armor (compared to jawless
fishes)
• 8-9 orders, 30 families, 50 genera
• Craniovertebral joint
• Possibly pelvic claspers (♂ reproductive organ)
43
Placodermi reproduction
- one of the first for internal fertilization
| - sexual dimorphisma
44
craniovertebral joint
- hinge to move the head
| - unites all placodermi
45
Acanthodians
- earliest known jawed fishes
- most ancestral bony fish
- bony operculum
- sister to ostiechythese
- appear in the late Ordivician (440 mya)
- two rows of ventral paired fins preceded by a spine
46
Acanthodians related to osetichythes because of
- bony operculum
- branchiostegal rays developed from hypobranchial elements
- three otoliths
47
Class chondrichthyes
```
• Cartilaginous skeleton with calcified
vertebral elements
• Males have pelvic claspers
• Sutureless chondrocranium
• Ceratotrichial fins
• Placoid scales
• Heterocercal tail
```
48
Key physiological features of chondrichthyes
- lack swim bladder
- lipid filled liver for buoyancy
- urea in high concentration (keeps proper ion concentration)
- Trumethylamine oxide (TMAO)
- possess spriacles and gill slits for respiration, varies from two stage pump to ram ventilation
49
subclass holocephali
```
• Chimaeras, ratfishes, plownose chimaeras,
roughly 30 species
• Possess pelvic claspers, and clasper on head in
some species
• Autostylic jaw suspension
• Operculum-like flap covering gills
-deep water fish
-pennant shape
-eat hard bodied stuff
```
50
subclass elasmobranchii
-• sharks, saw sharks, angel sharks, guitarfishes,
sawfishes, rays, skates
growth curve would have a small k
51
key features of elasmobranchii
• Chondrocranium with hyostylic suspension
• Large bodied, slow growth
• 5 pairs of gill slits (usually); six- and seven-gill sharks
(Hexanchidae)
• carcinogenic tumors were thought to be rare in
elasmobranchs; hypothesized to possess factors that are
tumoricydal, or prevent vascularization of tumors
(angiogenin antagonists)
52
Shark order heterodontiformes
* Family Heterodontidae
* 8 species, all marine; all oviparous
* Horn sharks
* Anterior teeth for grasping, posterior teeth for crushing
53
shark order lamniformes
-7 families
-16 species
-all marine
• Cetorhinidae - basking shark; plankton feeder
• Ondontaspididae - sand tigers
• Megachasmidae - discovered in 1976; 160 m depth; sub/tropical
Pacific
• Alopiidae -- thresher sharks -- large upper lobe of caudal fin
• Lamnidae -- mackeral sharks; great white shark
54
Lamnidae
-mackeral sharks; great white
-– Pelagic, fast swimmers, highly predatory
– Nearly homocercal tail
– Megatooth shark may have exceeded 13 m (45 ft.)
55
shark order orectolobiformes
-7 familes
-31 species
-all marine
• Rhincodontidae -- whale shark (up to 18 m)
• Ginglymostomatidae -- two-pump respiration-- mollusk eater
56
Shark order carcharhiniformes
-8 families
-210 species
-mostly marine
– Scyliorhinidae -- cat sharks; usually small; tropical and temperate
– Carcharhinidae -- highly predatory
• Bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) occasionally found in freshwater
– Sphyrnidae -- hammerhead sharks
57
Shark order hexanchiformes
-2 families
-5 species
-all marine
– Chlamydoselachidae-- frill sharks
– Hexanchidae -- cow sharks, six and seven gill sharks
58
shark order squaliformes
-3 families
-74 species
-all marine
– Widely distributed -- Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Oceans, tropical to
subarctic latitudes
– Squalidae -- dogfish sharks; usually small, inshore and deep water
scavengers (great nuisance to fisherman)
59
shark Order pristiophoriformes
- 1 family
- 5 species
- all marine
- pristiophoridae; saw sharks
60
shark order squatiniformes
- 1 family
- 12 species
- marine
- squatinidae; angel sharks
61
Ginglymostomidae
nurse shark
62
megachasmidae
mega mouth shark
63
carcharhinidae
white tip reef shark
64
rhincodonitadae
whale shark
65
galeomorph
filter feeder; basking shark
66
eschinorhiniformes
bramble sharks
67
key life history facts of chondrichthyes
* Nearly all carnivorous, top predators
* Slow growth, maturity, produce few young, iteroparous
* Internal Fertilization
* Nourishment of developing embryos varies:
68
Developing of embryos in chondrichthyes
– Oviparity - eggs laid; lecithotrophy
– Ovoviviparity
– Viviparity – placenta-like structure, uterine milk; matrotrophy
69
batoidea
skates and rays; 450 species
70
batoidea body form
• AKA Hypotremates; ventral gills slits
• Pectoral fin fused to head
• Incurrent ventilation through spiracle
• Plate-like dentition; saw structure; gill structure for
plankton feeding
• Long tail; electric organs present in some
• Reduced or absent anal fin
71
super order of batoidea
4 orders
13 families
456 species
marine and fresh
72
batoidea order torpediniformes
-electric rays
– all piscivorous,
– produce electrical currents
– body size varies from about 30 cm to 1.7 m in adults ovoviviparous
development
– Electric organs (derived from muscle) account for 1/6 body weight can
produce up to 200V.
– Widely distributed Atlantic, Mediterranean, Australia and New Zealand
• Family Torpedinidae
• Family Narcinidae
73
Batoidea order pristiformes
• Family Pristidae - (sawfishes) use saw-like rostrum to slash prey
– Long, slim body like a shark, although pectoral fused to head
– Can reach lengths of 5 meters,
74
Batoidea order rajiformes
• Family Rhinobatidae (guitarfishes) --
– Found in tropical and subtropical seas; can be 3 m long
– use tail mostly in swimming
• Family Rajidae (skates)
– Occur in tropical, subtropical, temperate and subarctic waters
– Most species-rich family of batoids
– Commercial value in many countries -- scallops?
75
batoidea order myliobatiformes
Families: Dasyatidae (stingrays); myliobatidae (eagle rays); mobulidae (manta ray/devil rays)
76
Family Dasyatidae
-Batoidea; myliobatiformes
-sting rays
– Whiplike tail with poisonous spine
– Distributed in warm shallow waters, world wide
– Size range 30 cm - 3 m
77
Family Myliobatidae
-Batoidea; myliobatiformes
-eagle rays
– Large powerful swimmers, wingspan can by up to 3 m
– Possess poisonous spines at the base of the tail
– Diet consists of mollusks, crustaceans, and fish
78
Family Mobulidae
-Batoidea; myliobatiformes
-manta/devil rays
– Large variation in body size among species: wingspans vary from 1 m to 6 m (about 20 ft.)
– Plankton feeders; small fishes
– Dangerous when harpooned
79
ecology and life history of batoidea
• Family Rajidae (skates) most abundant in deep waters; Dasyatidae
(rays) shallow waters
• Varied feeding ecology
• Large bodied, slow growing, few/large eggs; all skates are oviparous
• Direct development
• Uterine viviparity (manta and eagle rays)
• Locomotion is rajiform or “flying”
80
Osteichthyes (Grade Telostomi)
- ossification of endochondral bone
- scales
- Lepidotrichia fin rays are of mesodermal orgin, same as scales
81
Class Sarcopterygii
- lobed fin fishes
- fins with bony, leg like supports
- swimbladder involved in respiration
- subclasses: Coelocanthimorpha; Dipnoi; Osteolepimorpha
82
Coelocanthimorpha
- sublass of sarcopterygii
- three lobed (diphycercal) tail
- external nostrils, no choanae
83
Dipnoi
-sarcopterygii subclass
-– African and South American lungfishes
– Extremely conservative in their evolution
– First indication of pulmonary artery
84
Osteolepimorpha
-subclass of sarcopterygii
-morphology much like early amphibians
– Lobed fins – series of bony elements that link fins to pelvic/pectoral girdle
– Autostylic jaw suspension (like terrestrial vertebrates)
– Teeth have complex foldings of enamel
85
Sarcopterygians
- extinct
| - world's largest freshwater fish
86
Actinistia – Coelacanths
* Lobed fins, used for sculling (lungfishes, tetrapods)
* Hollow spinous dorsal fin, second dorsal is lobed
* Fish-like heart
* Lipid-filled physostomous swim bladder; urea for water balance
* Highly electrosensitive; rostral organ, cf. ampullae of Lorenzini
87
Indonesian coelacanth
• Good fossil record – Devonian to Triassic 121 spp. – rediscovered in Africa
1938; Indonesia 1998
• Range in depths of 100 m – 500 m
• Leceithotrophic live bearer
• Rests in daytime in caves; hunts at night
88
Dipnoi lungfishes
- Gondwanan distribution --freshwater only
- Australian lungfish (1 sp.) – Neoceratodus
- South American lungfish (1 sp.) – Lepidosiren
- African lungfish (4 sp.) – Protopterus
89
Body form of lung fishes
* Paired lungs
* Placement of nostrils near upper lip
* Protopterus first described as amphibian
* Two atria in the heart
* External gills as juvenile
90
Life History and ecology of lungishes
```
• All have hard, platelike dentition
• African lungfish aestivation;
dormant for 7 to 8 months in
nature; 4 years in the lab!
• Eggs deposited in burrow nests;
male guarding; young have
external gills (Afr & SA)
• Male pelvic fins vascularized;
supplement O2 (SA)
• Australian lungfish produce 50-
100 eggs per spawn; no guarding,
direct development
```
91
Actinopterygii
* Ray-finned fishes – lepidotrichia
* Fin rays articulate with bony elements
* Most diverse vertebrate lineage
* Body size ranges from 8 mm to 11 m
* Reproductive strategies vary from broadcast spawning to viviparity
92
Cladistia
- subclass of actinopterygii
- order polypteriformes: bichirs, reedfish
- 1 family and 11 species
- Found in african freshwater
93
body form of cladistia
• Pectoral fin is lobed!
• Dorsal fin is numerous finlets supported by a single spine
• Ganoid scales, paired lung, external gills when young, however
internal structure suggest analogy rather than homology with
lungfishes
• Use dorsally placed spiracle to exhale! (not inhale like skates and
rays); also use recoil aspiration (early tetrapods thought to use this
method of respiration)
94
Life history and ecology of cladistia
* Inhabit shallow backwaters, poorly oxygenated, obligate airbreathers
* Reproductive biology poorly known; external fertilization
* Predatory feeding ecology
95
Polypteriformes and embryology
```
With the rise of embryology in the 1870s
and 1880s, it was deduced that embryos
held clues to the evolution of animals.
This being a golden age of trailblazing
science, expeditions were set up to go to
far-flung corners of the globe, seeking
out embryos in the name. The bichir, the
purported "missing link" between fish
and tetrapods, was a beneficiary of this
new interest. And it was John Samuel
Budgett (1872-1904) who risked life and
limb for the bichir.
```
96
Actinopterygii: Paleonisciformes (extinct bony fishes)
• Scale fragments with ganoine
• Complete fossils in mid Devonian; marine and freshwater
• Radiation coincides with extinctions of ostracoderms, placoderms,
acanthodians
• Scales reduced from heavy, interlocking structures to cycloid scales
• Jaw morphology highly plastic, diversity of feeding ecologies
97
Subclass Actinopterygii
Infraclass Chondrostei
• Not monophyletic
• Most show a mosaic pattern of ancestral
(Paleonisciformes) and derived traits
• Only minimally ossified skeleton, mostly
cartilage, reversal from paleoniscids
• Heterocercal tail
• Many possess spiracle, physostomous swim
bladder involved in respiration
• All possess a spiral valve intestine
98
Order acipenserfiformes families
-Acipenseridae, ployodontidae
99
body form of acipenseriformes
•Four barbels in front of ventral mouth (sturgeons) long paddle-like snout
(paddlefish)
•Sturgeon -- four or five rows of bony scutes, minimal bony armor otherwise, no
bony armor in paddlefish (patches of minute scales)
100
life history and ecology of acipenseriformes
•Long-lived (70 - 120 years), large bodied (up to 8.5 m, 1300 kg), highly fecund,
spawn every 2-5 years, mature late
•Spawn over gravel beds with flowing fresh water, probably the rarest habitat
on the Mississippi R.
•Make large spawning migrations, hampered by dams
101
Scaphirhynchus
river sturgeons
102
AcipenseriformesAcipenseridae
Sturgeons
103
Infraclass Neopterygii
```
• Monophyletic, includes teleosts
• Bony elements supporting fin rays, 1:1
correspondence
• physostomous swim bladder involved in
respiration in ancestral forms
• spiral valve intestine, heterocercal tail in
ancestral forms
```
104
Order Lepisosteiformes
• Freshwater North America fossil forms suggest widespread
distribution across Pangea
• Family Lepisosteidae – 7 species; Atractosteus, Lepisosteus
105
body form of lepisosoteiformes
* Elongate, sit-and-wait style fin placement
* Ganoid scales, elongated snout, snap-trap jaws
* Entirely ossified skeleton, opisthocoelus vertebrae vs. amphicoelus
106
Life history and ecology – Gars
• Very low metabolism, often occupy poorly oxygenated
waters
• Often large-bodied (alligator gar up to 3 m, 140 kg)
• Toxic eggs and larvae
107
Atractosteus
alligator gar
108
order amiiformes
* 1 family, 1 sp., freshwater North America
| * Family Amiidae - Amia calva
109
body form of amiiformes
* Single median gular plate, coelacanths and bichirs have two
* Cycloid scales, very bony head
* Swims by undulations of the long dorsal fin
110
life history and ecology of amiiformes
• Predatory on fishes, invertebrates, frogs, turtles, snakes, small
mammals, etc.
• Males build shallow nests, engage in parental care
• Sexually dimorphic, male has ocellated spot
111
division teleostei
-Comprise 96% of all living fish groups; ~29,000
species; ~38 orders, 426 families & 4,064 genera
• Ctenoid, cycloid or ganoid scales
• Lack paired gular plate & most lack any gular
plate
• Branchiostegal rays present
• Homocercal caudal fin or modification thereof
• Lack spiral valve in intestine
112
Pink Salmon
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
113
Teleostei types
* Osteoglossomorpha – bony tongues
* Elopomorpha – tarpon, ladyfish, eels
* Clupeomorpha – herrings & anchovies
* Ostariophysi – minnows, catfishes, etc.
* Euteleostei – everything else
114
what do big eggs indicate?
more energy investment in offspring and bigger offspring
115
lecithotrophy
offspring is consuming nutrients from yolk at the time of egg formation; receive no other nutrients
116
matrotophy
offspring in mother; mother can supplement nutrients
117
ovoviviparty;
eggs kept inside of mother, no additional sustinence; live birth
118
botaidea teeth
crushing teeth for hard bodies creatures they consume
119
elasmobranch heart
facultative; oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes
120
Division Teleostei
* Osteoglossomorpha – bony tongues
* Elopomorpha – tarpon, ladyfish, eels
* Otocephala –
* Clupeomorpha herrings & anchovies
* Ostariophysi -- minnows, catfishes, etc.
* Euteleostei – everything else
121
Teleostei subdivision Elopomorpha
- 4 orders, 24 families, 156 genera and about 801 species
- elopiformes, albuliformes, anguilliformes, and notacanthiformes
- unifying character is presence of leptocephalus larval stage
122
Telostei subdivision Octocephala
```
• Otophysic - Swim bladder makes a connection
to the otic region of the skull
• Ventral keel with specialized scales
• High abundances
• Provide important food web linkages
```
123
Cypriniformes, Catostomidae
```
Six genera (Carpiodes, Ictiobus, Cycleptus, Hypentelium,
Moxostoma and Erimyzon)
```
124
characiformes
-Adipose fin
-Well developed jaw teeth
-Probably 237 genera & 1343
species
125
Siluriformes
34 families
412 genera
2405 species
1440 species in W. Hemisphere
126
Protacanthopterygii
brook trout- slavelinus
127
Neoteleostei
• Vertebral column/skull articulation involves
basioccipitals and exoccipitals
• Retractor dorsalis present
• Internal levators lift pharyngeal jaws
• Tooth attachment hinged and depressed
toward back of mouth
• Trend toward anterior pelvic fin placement
128
Acanthomorpha: Spiny Teleosts
```
• Spiny fin rays
• Vertebral zygapophyses
• More effective suction feeding
• Include Lampriomorpha,
Polymixiomorpha, Paracanthopterygii,
Acanthopterygii
```
129
Polymixiomorpha
Beardfishes – deepwater, marine, cosmopolitan
130
Superorder Paracanthopterygii
```
• Elaborate protractile premaxilla
• Spines on unpaired fins
• Many possess ctenoid (vs. cycloid or
ganoid) scales
• Most successful as benthic deep-water
types, in dark environments
```
131
Paracanthoptergyii orders
Percopsiformes
gadiformes
batrachoidiformes
lophiiformes
132
Order Percopsiformes
Paracanthoptergyii
-3 families, 9 species freshwater
• Family Percopsidae , Family Apherododidae , Family Amblyopsidae – “cave fishes”
133
Order gadiformes
12 families, 482 species, marine and freshwater
• Family Gadidae – true cods
– Highly sought after commercially
– Atlantic cod fishery has crashed
134
order batrachoidiformes
-paracanthoptergyii
1 family, 69 species marine near shor inshore and deep waer
-toadfishes and midshipman
135
order lophiiformes
-paracanthoptergyii
16 families, 297 species, inshore to deepwater marine
• Possess fishing pole (ilicium) with artificial lure (esca) on head; morphology varies to
mimic particular prey items, sometimes photophores with symbiotic luminescent
bacteria are present
136
Super order acanthopterygii
represents the
major modern lineage of teleost fishes. Contains
some 13 orders, 251 familes, 13,414 species (or
about half of all known extant fishes).
137
Three groups of acanthopterygii
* Mugilomorpha
* Atherinomorpha
* Percomorpha
138
Derived teleosts: acanthopterygii
```
• Acanthopterygii --
"spiny" fins
• Well developed spines
in fins
• Upper jaw mobility and
protrusibility maximal
• Pharyngeal dentition
and musculature most
developed
• Tree follows Nelson (2006)
```
139
Atherinomorpha
• Most successful in the surface layer of marine and
freshwaters
• Premaxilla does not directly articulate with maxilla;
rostral cartilage
• Livebearing may have evolved repeatedly in the
group
• Long development time (1 – 2 weeks rather than
days) direct development
• Many species introduced for mosquito control
140
Order Cyprinodontiformes
-- 8 families, 807 spp., coastal
| marine, brackish and freshwater, New and Old World
141
Family Aplocheilidae (cyprinodontiformes)
-- Rivulus
• Only known self-fertilizing fish
• Some species possess resting eggs
142
Family Anablepidae (cyprinodontiformes)
-- foureye fish, Mexico and
| Central America
143
Family Fundulidae (cyprinodontiformes)
* Killifishes
| * Many species have "resting" eggs
144
```
Family Cyprinodontidae
(cyprinodontiformes)
```
* Pupfishes
| * Desert pupfish
145
Family Poeciliidae (cyprinodontiformes)
• livebearers, mollies, swordtails, guppies,
mosquitofishes, etc.
• life history traits contributing to success
• Some species are unisexual
146
Fundulidae
- diamond killIfish
- golden topminnow
- balckspotted topminnow
- rainwater killifish
147
Deep sea acanthopterygians
-Orders beryciformes and zeiformes
148
Order beryciformes
-7 families 123 species, near shore and deepwater marine
149
order zeifromes
6 families, 39 species, deepwater and near shore
150
Beryciformes families
– Family Anomalopidae -- active at night over reefs
• Lanternfishes -- photoluminescent bacterial under eye
– Family Holocentridae
• Squirrelfishes
• Slow growing and maturing
151
Zeiformes families
```
– Family Zeidae
• Dories
• Deep bodied, large mouths
– Family Caproidae
• boarfishes
```
152
Gasterosteiformes
11 families; 257 spp.; inshore
| marine; freshwater
153
Gasterosteiformes families
```
Family Gasterosteidae
– Sticklebacks
– Complex nest-building and
courtship behaviors
Family Syngnathidae
– Pipefishes, seahorses
```
154
Order Scorpaeniformes
* 25 families; 1264 spp; marine, freshwater
* One of the largest teleost orders
* Suborbital stay (bony process) on cheek
* Most found at depths <100m,
155
Scorpaeniformes families
scorpaenidae and cyclopteridae
156
Family Scorpaenidae
| scorpaenidae
```
– Rockfishes and scorpionfishes
– Found mainly in Indian and Pacific
oceans, some in Atlantic
– Often possess toxic dorsal and anal
spines
– Diurnal, bottom oriented predators
```
157
family cyclopteridae (scorpaeniformes)
– Lumpfishes
– Pelvic fins modified into sucking disk,
attach to bottom and floating objects
– Temperate and Arctic waters of northern
hemisphere
– Prized as food fish, caviar
158
Perciformes
```
Largest suborder of fishes
Branched caudal rays 17
18 suborders
148 families
1496 genera
9293 species
```
159
Features common to perciformes
```
– Fin spines present
– Dorsal fin in two distinct parts
– No adipose fin
– Pelvic fins jugular or thoracic
– Pectoral fins on side of body with vertical insertion
– 17 or fewer principle caudal rays
– Scales usually ctenoid when present
– Swimbladder physoclistous or absent
```
160
Percidae
- crystal darter
- gulf logperch
- freckled darter
- rock darter
- tombigbee darter
161
centrarchidae
- largemouth bass
- longear sunfish
- black crappie
- bluespotted sunfish
162
order pleuronectiformes
• Key Morphological features and Metamorphosis
• Juvenile and adult forms asymmetrical -- larvae bilaterally
symmetrical
• Metamorphosis occurs between 4 to 120 mm over about a 5
day period
• Bones incompletely ossified
• Anterior neurocranium, brain, and eyesockets rotate
• Semicircular canals rotate 90o
, lateral line sometimes absent
from bottom side
• Swim bladder reduced or absent in adults
• Migration of eyes can be dextral (right-eyed), or sinistral (lefteyed);
some species polymorphic (starry flounders --
Pleuronectidae)
163
Order Tetraondontiformes
9 families, 339 spp., tropical, temperate marine, freshwater
164
key morphological features of tetraondontiformes
– Body shape varies from globular to triangular to extremely
compressed
– Name refers to common pattern of four teeth (formed from fusion of
ancient teeth)
– Loss of pelvic fin and girdle (Balistidae, Tetraondontidae, Molidae)
– High degree of fusion and loss of bones in head and body; reduction in
vertebrae, hyomandibular firmly attached to skull, maxilla and
premaxilla fused
– Large jaw musculature, pharyngeal dentition stout
– Secondarily evolved bony armor
