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Fish > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological evolution

A

Is the change, over time, of the proportions
of individual organisms differing
genetically in one or more traits; such
changes transpire by the origin and
subsequent alteration of genotypes from
generation to generation with populations
of organisms

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2
Q

evolutionary history

A
  • all organisms are related in a kind of pedigree; some are more closely related than others
  • the pattern of evolutionary relationships can reveal important information about the appearance of novel traits and its effects on subsequent diversity
  • provides a framework for comparison among sometimes distantly related organisms.
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3
Q

Inferring evolutionary history

A
  • usually can’t observe speciation and extinction directly

- must be inferred from fossil record, geology, and reconstruction phyologenetic trees

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4
Q

Taxonomy

A

-theory and practice of describing biodiversity, arranging into a system of classification and devising identification keys

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5
Q

Alpha taxonomy

A

species descriptions

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6
Q

beta taxonomy

A

arrangement into a natural system of classification

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7
Q

gamma taxonomy

A

analysis of intraspecific variation and the study of evolution

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8
Q

Species according to C Tate Regan

A

“a group of organisms with distinctive enough
characters, that in the opinion of a competent
taxonomist, are sufficiently definite to entitle them to a
specific name”

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9
Q

species according to Ernst Mayr

A

“groups of actually or potentially interbreeding
populations that are reproductively isolated from other
such groups”

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10
Q

species Joel Cracraft

A

“a demonstrably monophyletic assemblage of

populations”

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11
Q

species Ed Wiley

A

“a single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations
which maintains its identity from other such lineages and
which has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical
fate”

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12
Q

Systematics

A

study of evolutionary relationships postulated to exist among species or higher taxa such as families and orders
-use cladograms and phylograms

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13
Q

Cladograms

A

show common ancestry, but do not indicate the amount of evolutionary time
-can show key transitions

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14
Q

Phylograms

A

branch lengths are proportional to amount of time

-can show when a species arose and when it went extinct based on branch length

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15
Q

Subphylym Cephalochordata

A
  • Branchiostoma, amphioxis, lancets
  • inverterate chordate
  • accepted as sister group to vertebrates
  • lack a cranium, brain, well developed heart, RBCs, gills
  • segmented features
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16
Q

Life history and ecology of cephalochordata

A
  • spawning in early summer, larval metamorphose into adult form in 2-5 months, adults live 1-4 years
  • burrowing filter feeders, planktonic larvae
  • ciliated pharyngeal cavity, endostyle
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17
Q

Hagfishes– myxiniformes

A
  • most ancestral vert (controversial)
  • some morphological data suggests monophyly of hagfishes and lampreys; vertically biting tongue, velum, nuc sequences info
  • imperiled in parts of its range due to overfishing
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18
Q

hagfishes body form

A

• Elongate, eel-like, round buccal cavity with
rasping teeth and tounge
• Single gonad, rather than paired
• Four hearts: (1) posterior to gills; (3) just behind
mouth
• Respiration at gills; cutaneous
• Lack complete eyes, possess sensory barbels; slime glands and pores
• Taxonomy and systematics based on number of
gill ducts, slime pores

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19
Q

Hag fishes diversity and distribution

A
  • world wide, marine, restricted to cold water
  • few species occur in water shallower than 30m, limited by salinity and temperature
  • one family (mxyinidae) with 60 species
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20
Q

hagfish life history features

A
  • females produce few large eggs, direct development
  • probably iteroparous
  • age at maturity, reproductive lifesapn, spawning time and behavior unknown
  • scavenger feeders
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21
Q

Lampreys- petromyzontiformes

A
  • superficially resemble hagishes
  • parasitic and non parasitic species
  • produce ammocoete larva similar to Cephalochordate, but differ in feeding mechanism
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22
Q

lamp reys body form

A

• Elongate, eel-like, round buccal cavity, rasping
teeth and tongue
• Single gonad
• Single heart
• Respire at gills, branchial sacs, tidal ventilation
• Parasitic form with complete eyes; non-parasitic
eyes reduced
• Largest diploid chromosome number for a
vertebrate

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23
Q

lampreys diversity and distribution

A
  • worldwide, temperate zone
  • non parasitic (freshwater) parasitic (freshwater; anadromous)
  • one family (petromyzontidae) 40 species
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24
Q

Conodonts

A
  • known from fossilized teeth
  • v shaped muscle bundles
  • mineralized tissues
  • notochord present
  • ray like fin elements
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25
Q

ostracoderms

A
  • much disagreement about the relationships of these jawless fishes
  • possessed acellular dermal armor consisting of enamel, dentine, and bone
  • occur first in marine strata then in freshwater
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26
Q

pteraspida (diplorhina)

A
  • 6 families, 50 genera recognized
  • evolutionary trend toward reducing dermal armor
  • development of lateral projections
  • extinct
  • big bony plates
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27
Q

Cephalaspida (Monorhina)

A
  • appear in the fossil record about 30 my after pteraspids
  • cellular dermal armor
  • inernal fin musculature
  • ossification of endoskeleton–first time this is seen
  • indirect development
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28
Q

where do jaws come from

A
  • most widely accepted hypothesis is that jaws arose from anterior pair of visceral gill arch support
  • key structures involved: nueral crest cells, chondocranium, dematocranium, spanchonocranium
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29
Q

Placodermi

A

-extinct gnathostimes, probably the most ancestral lineage (sister group to all other gnathostomes
-occur in first marine deposits in the Ordivician
-reduction in dermal armor
-craniovertebral joint
possibly pelvic claspers

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30
Q

Acanthodians

A
  • earliest known jawed fishes
  • sister to Osteichythes
  • appear in the late Ordivician 440 mya
  • two rows of ventral paired fins preceded by a spine
  • most closely related to Osteichthyes because of bony operculum; branchiostegal rays from hypobranchial elements, and three otiths
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31
Q

Chordates

A

presence of notochord at some point in development; elaborates during development for most

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32
Q

difficulties in inferring evolutionary history

A
  • soft anatomy not preserved in fossil record

- have to be able to date geographical matter

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33
Q

phylogenetic trees

A
  • hypotheses of putting mutations together

- taxonomy reflects evolution

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34
Q

urochordata

A

-larval from has notochord even though adult form does not look like a chordate

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35
Q

post anal tail

A

common in all chordates

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36
Q

hagfishes– other information

A
  • make a lot of mucous
  • osmoconformers
  • notochord persists through whole life
  • can time themselves into knots
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37
Q

lampreys other info

A
  • 7 distinct gill pores
  • resemble hagfishbut have distinct eyes
  • non parasitic have softer mouths while parastic have sharp teeth
  • largest diploid number of any chordate
  • pineal gland that can detect light fro body rhythyms
  • pseudo vertrebrae
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38
Q

Where do jaws come from?

A
  • most widely accepted hypothesis is that jaws arose from anterior pair of visceral gill arch supports
  • give gill slits in species with jaw
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39
Q

Spiracle

A

precursor to ear canal

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40
Q

key structures involved in jaw formation

A
  • neural crest cells
  • chondrocranium
  • dematocranium
  • splanchonocranium
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41
Q

evolutionary drives for jaw development

A
  • ventilation

- feeding

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42
Q

Placodermi

A

• Extinct gnathostomes, probably the most
ancestral lineage (i.e., it is the sister group to all
other gnathostomes)
• Occur first in marine deposits in the Ordivician
(470 my ago)
• Reduction in dermal armor (compared to jawless
fishes)
• 8-9 orders, 30 families, 50 genera
• Craniovertebral joint
• Possibly pelvic claspers (♂ reproductive organ)

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43
Q

Placodermi reproduction

A
  • one of the first for internal fertilization

- sexual dimorphisma

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44
Q

craniovertebral joint

A
  • hinge to move the head

- unites all placodermi

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45
Q

Acanthodians

A
  • earliest known jawed fishes
  • most ancestral bony fish
  • bony operculum
  • sister to ostiechythese
  • appear in the late Ordivician (440 mya)
  • two rows of ventral paired fins preceded by a spine
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46
Q

Acanthodians related to osetichythes because of

A
  • bony operculum
  • branchiostegal rays developed from hypobranchial elements
  • three otoliths
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47
Q

Class chondrichthyes

A 
• Cartilaginous skeleton with calcified
vertebral elements
• Males have pelvic claspers
• Sutureless chondrocranium
• Ceratotrichial fins
• Placoid scales
• Heterocercal tail
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48
Q

Key physiological features of chondrichthyes

A
  • lack swim bladder
  • lipid filled liver for buoyancy
  • urea in high concentration (keeps proper ion concentration)
  • Trumethylamine oxide (TMAO)
  • possess spriacles and gill slits for respiration, varies from two stage pump to ram ventilation
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49
Q

subclass holocephali

A 
• Chimaeras, ratfishes, plownose chimaeras,
roughly 30 species
• Possess pelvic claspers, and clasper on head in
some species
• Autostylic jaw suspension
• Operculum-like flap covering gills
-deep water fish
-pennant shape
-eat hard bodied stuff
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50
Q

subclass elasmobranchii

A

-• sharks, saw sharks, angel sharks, guitarfishes,
sawfishes, rays, skates

growth curve would have a small k

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51
Q

key features of elasmobranchii

A

• Chondrocranium with hyostylic suspension
• Large bodied, slow growth
• 5 pairs of gill slits (usually); six- and seven-gill sharks
(Hexanchidae)
• carcinogenic tumors were thought to be rare in
elasmobranchs; hypothesized to possess factors that are
tumoricydal, or prevent vascularization of tumors
(angiogenin antagonists)

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52
Q

Shark order heterodontiformes

A
  • Family Heterodontidae
  • 8 species, all marine; all oviparous
  • Horn sharks
  • Anterior teeth for grasping, posterior teeth for crushing
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53
Q

shark order lamniformes

A

-7 families
-16 species
-all marine
• Cetorhinidae - basking shark; plankton feeder
• Ondontaspididae - sand tigers
• Megachasmidae - discovered in 1976; 160 m depth; sub/tropical
Pacific
• Alopiidae – thresher sharks – large upper lobe of caudal fin
• Lamnidae – mackeral sharks; great white shark

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54
Q

Lamnidae

A

-mackeral sharks; great white
-– Pelagic, fast swimmers, highly predatory
– Nearly homocercal tail
– Megatooth shark may have exceeded 13 m (45 ft.)

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55
Q

shark order orectolobiformes

A

-7 familes
-31 species
-all marine
• Rhincodontidae – whale shark (up to 18 m)
• Ginglymostomatidae – two-pump respiration– mollusk eater

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56
Q

Shark order carcharhiniformes

A

-8 families
-210 species
-mostly marine
– Scyliorhinidae – cat sharks; usually small; tropical and temperate
– Carcharhinidae – highly predatory
• Bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) occasionally found in freshwater
– Sphyrnidae – hammerhead sharks

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57
Q

Shark order hexanchiformes

A

-2 families
-5 species
-all marine
– Chlamydoselachidae– frill sharks
– Hexanchidae – cow sharks, six and seven gill sharks

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58
Q

shark order squaliformes

A

-3 families
-74 species
-all marine
– Widely distributed – Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Oceans, tropical to
subarctic latitudes
– Squalidae – dogfish sharks; usually small, inshore and deep water
scavengers (great nuisance to fisherman)

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59
Q

shark Order pristiophoriformes

A
  • 1 family
  • 5 species
  • all marine
  • pristiophoridae; saw sharks
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60
Q

shark order squatiniformes

A
  • 1 family
  • 12 species
  • marine
  • squatinidae; angel sharks
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61
Q

Ginglymostomidae

A

nurse shark

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62
Q

megachasmidae

A

mega mouth shark

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63
Q

carcharhinidae

A

white tip reef shark

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64
Q

rhincodonitadae

A

whale shark

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65
Q

galeomorph

A

filter feeder; basking shark

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66
Q

eschinorhiniformes

A

bramble sharks

67
Q

key life history facts of chondrichthyes

A
  • Nearly all carnivorous, top predators
  • Slow growth, maturity, produce few young, iteroparous
  • Internal Fertilization
  • Nourishment of developing embryos varies:
68
Q

Developing of embryos in chondrichthyes

A

– Oviparity - eggs laid; lecithotrophy
– Ovoviviparity
– Viviparity – placenta-like structure, uterine milk; matrotrophy

69
Q

batoidea

A

skates and rays; 450 species

70
Q

batoidea body form

A

• AKA Hypotremates; ventral gills slits
• Pectoral fin fused to head
• Incurrent ventilation through spiracle
• Plate-like dentition; saw structure; gill structure for
plankton feeding
• Long tail; electric organs present in some
• Reduced or absent anal fin

71
Q

super order of batoidea

A

4 orders
13 families
456 species
marine and fresh

72
Q

batoidea order torpediniformes

A

-electric rays
– all piscivorous,
– produce electrical currents
– body size varies from about 30 cm to 1.7 m in adults ovoviviparous
development
– Electric organs (derived from muscle) account for 1/6 body weight can
produce up to 200V.
– Widely distributed Atlantic, Mediterranean, Australia and New Zealand
• Family Torpedinidae
• Family Narcinidae

73
Q

Batoidea order pristiformes

A

• Family Pristidae - (sawfishes) use saw-like rostrum to slash prey
– Long, slim body like a shark, although pectoral fused to head
– Can reach lengths of 5 meters,

74
Q

Batoidea order rajiformes

A

• Family Rhinobatidae (guitarfishes) –
– Found in tropical and subtropical seas; can be 3 m long
– use tail mostly in swimming

• Family Rajidae (skates)
– Occur in tropical, subtropical, temperate and subarctic waters
– Most species-rich family of batoids
– Commercial value in many countries – scallops?

75
Q

batoidea order myliobatiformes

A

Families: Dasyatidae (stingrays); myliobatidae (eagle rays); mobulidae (manta ray/devil rays)

76
Q

Family Dasyatidae

A

-Batoidea; myliobatiformes
-sting rays
– Whiplike tail with poisonous spine
– Distributed in warm shallow waters, world wide
– Size range 30 cm - 3 m

77
Q

Family Myliobatidae

A

-Batoidea; myliobatiformes
-eagle rays
– Large powerful swimmers, wingspan can by up to 3 m
– Possess poisonous spines at the base of the tail
– Diet consists of mollusks, crustaceans, and fish

78
Q

Family Mobulidae

A

-Batoidea; myliobatiformes
-manta/devil rays
– Large variation in body size among species: wingspans vary from 1 m to 6 m (about 20 ft.)
– Plankton feeders; small fishes
– Dangerous when harpooned

79
Q

ecology and life history of batoidea

A

• Family Rajidae (skates) most abundant in deep waters; Dasyatidae
(rays) shallow waters
• Varied feeding ecology
• Large bodied, slow growing, few/large eggs; all skates are oviparous
• Direct development
• Uterine viviparity (manta and eagle rays)
• Locomotion is rajiform or “flying”

80
Q

Osteichthyes (Grade Telostomi)

A
  • ossification of endochondral bone
  • scales
  • Lepidotrichia fin rays are of mesodermal orgin, same as scales
81
Q

Class Sarcopterygii

A
  • lobed fin fishes
  • fins with bony, leg like supports
  • swimbladder involved in respiration
  • subclasses: Coelocanthimorpha; Dipnoi; Osteolepimorpha
82
Q

Coelocanthimorpha

A
  • sublass of sarcopterygii
  • three lobed (diphycercal) tail
  • external nostrils, no choanae
83
Q

Dipnoi

A

-sarcopterygii subclass
-– African and South American lungfishes
– Extremely conservative in their evolution
– First indication of pulmonary artery

84
Q

Osteolepimorpha

A

-subclass of sarcopterygii
-morphology much like early amphibians
– Lobed fins – series of bony elements that link fins to pelvic/pectoral girdle
– Autostylic jaw suspension (like terrestrial vertebrates)
– Teeth have complex foldings of enamel

85
Q

Sarcopterygians

A
  • extinct

- world’s largest freshwater fish

86
Q

Actinistia – Coelacanths

A
  • Lobed fins, used for sculling (lungfishes, tetrapods)
  • Hollow spinous dorsal fin, second dorsal is lobed
  • Fish-like heart
  • Lipid-filled physostomous swim bladder; urea for water balance
  • Highly electrosensitive; rostral organ, cf. ampullae of Lorenzini
87
Q

Indonesian coelacanth

A

• Good fossil record – Devonian to Triassic 121 spp. – rediscovered in Africa
1938; Indonesia 1998
• Range in depths of 100 m – 500 m
• Leceithotrophic live bearer
• Rests in daytime in caves; hunts at night

88
Q

Dipnoi lungfishes

A
  • Gondwanan distribution –freshwater only
  • Australian lungfish (1 sp.) – Neoceratodus
  • South American lungfish (1 sp.) – Lepidosiren
  • African lungfish (4 sp.) – Protopterus
89
Q

Body form of lung fishes

A
  • Paired lungs
  • Placement of nostrils near upper lip
  • Protopterus first described as amphibian
  • Two atria in the heart
  • External gills as juvenile
90
Q

Life History and ecology of lungishes

A 
• All have hard, platelike dentition
• African lungfish aestivation;
dormant for 7 to 8 months in
nature; 4 years in the lab!
• Eggs deposited in burrow nests;
male guarding; young have
external gills (Afr & SA)
• Male pelvic fins vascularized;
supplement O2 (SA)
• Australian lungfish produce 50-
100 eggs per spawn; no guarding,
direct development
91
Q

Actinopterygii

A
  • Ray-finned fishes – lepidotrichia
  • Fin rays articulate with bony elements
  • Most diverse vertebrate lineage
  • Body size ranges from 8 mm to 11 m
  • Reproductive strategies vary from broadcast spawning to viviparity
92
Q

Cladistia

A
  • subclass of actinopterygii
  • order polypteriformes: bichirs, reedfish
  • 1 family and 11 species
  • Found in african freshwater
93
Q

body form of cladistia

A

• Pectoral fin is lobed!
• Dorsal fin is numerous finlets supported by a single spine
• Ganoid scales, paired lung, external gills when young, however
internal structure suggest analogy rather than homology with
lungfishes
• Use dorsally placed spiracle to exhale! (not inhale like skates and
rays); also use recoil aspiration (early tetrapods thought to use this
method of respiration)

94
Q

Life history and ecology of cladistia

A
  • Inhabit shallow backwaters, poorly oxygenated, obligate airbreathers
  • Reproductive biology poorly known; external fertilization
  • Predatory feeding ecology
95
Q

Polypteriformes and embryology

A 
With the rise of embryology in the 1870s
and 1880s, it was deduced that embryos
held clues to the evolution of animals.
This being a golden age of trailblazing
science, expeditions were set up to go to
far-flung corners of the globe, seeking
out embryos in the name. The bichir, the
purported "missing link" between fish
and tetrapods, was a beneficiary of this
new interest. And it was John Samuel
Budgett (1872-1904) who risked life and
limb for the bichir.
96
Q

Actinopterygii: Paleonisciformes (extinct bony fishes)

A

• Scale fragments with ganoine
• Complete fossils in mid Devonian; marine and freshwater
• Radiation coincides with extinctions of ostracoderms, placoderms,
acanthodians
• Scales reduced from heavy, interlocking structures to cycloid scales
• Jaw morphology highly plastic, diversity of feeding ecologies

97
Q

Subclass Actinopterygii

A

Infraclass Chondrostei
• Not monophyletic
• Most show a mosaic pattern of ancestral
(Paleonisciformes) and derived traits
• Only minimally ossified skeleton, mostly
cartilage, reversal from paleoniscids
• Heterocercal tail
• Many possess spiracle, physostomous swim
bladder involved in respiration
• All possess a spiral valve intestine

98
Q

Order acipenserfiformes families

A

-Acipenseridae, ployodontidae

99
Q

body form of acipenseriformes

A

•Four barbels in front of ventral mouth (sturgeons) long paddle-like snout
(paddlefish)
•Sturgeon – four or five rows of bony scutes, minimal bony armor otherwise, no
bony armor in paddlefish (patches of minute scales)

100
Q

life history and ecology of acipenseriformes

A

•Long-lived (70 - 120 years), large bodied (up to 8.5 m, 1300 kg), highly fecund,
spawn every 2-5 years, mature late
•Spawn over gravel beds with flowing fresh water, probably the rarest habitat
on the Mississippi R.
•Make large spawning migrations, hampered by dams

101
Q

Scaphirhynchus

A

river sturgeons

102
Q

AcipenseriformesAcipenseridae

A

Sturgeons

103
Q

Infraclass Neopterygii

A 
• Monophyletic, includes teleosts
• Bony elements supporting fin rays, 1:1
correspondence
• physostomous swim bladder involved in
respiration in ancestral forms
• spiral valve intestine, heterocercal tail in
ancestral forms
104
Q

Order Lepisosteiformes

A

• Freshwater North America fossil forms suggest widespread
distribution across Pangea
• Family Lepisosteidae – 7 species; Atractosteus, Lepisosteus

105
Q

body form of lepisosoteiformes

A
  • Elongate, sit-and-wait style fin placement
  • Ganoid scales, elongated snout, snap-trap jaws
  • Entirely ossified skeleton, opisthocoelus vertebrae vs. amphicoelus
106
Q

Life history and ecology – Gars

A

• Very low metabolism, often occupy poorly oxygenated
waters
• Often large-bodied (alligator gar up to 3 m, 140 kg)
• Toxic eggs and larvae

107
Q

Atractosteus

A

alligator gar

108
Q

order amiiformes

A
  • 1 family, 1 sp., freshwater North America

* Family Amiidae - Amia calva

109
Q

body form of amiiformes

A
  • Single median gular plate, coelacanths and bichirs have two
  • Cycloid scales, very bony head
  • Swims by undulations of the long dorsal fin
110
Q

life history and ecology of amiiformes

A

• Predatory on fishes, invertebrates, frogs, turtles, snakes, small
mammals, etc.
• Males build shallow nests, engage in parental care
• Sexually dimorphic, male has ocellated spot

111
Q

division teleostei

A

-Comprise 96% of all living fish groups; ~29,000
species; ~38 orders, 426 families & 4,064 genera
• Ctenoid, cycloid or ganoid scales
• Lack paired gular plate & most lack any gular
plate
• Branchiostegal rays present
• Homocercal caudal fin or modification thereof
• Lack spiral valve in intestine

112
Q

Pink Salmon

A

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha

113
Q

Teleostei types

A
  • Osteoglossomorpha – bony tongues
  • Elopomorpha – tarpon, ladyfish, eels
  • Clupeomorpha – herrings & anchovies
  • Ostariophysi – minnows, catfishes, etc.
  • Euteleostei – everything else
114
Q

what do big eggs indicate?

A

more energy investment in offspring and bigger offspring

115
Q

lecithotrophy

A

offspring is consuming nutrients from yolk at the time of egg formation; receive no other nutrients

116
Q

matrotophy

A

offspring in mother; mother can supplement nutrients

117
Q

ovoviviparty;

A

eggs kept inside of mother, no additional sustinence; live birth

118
Q

botaidea teeth

A

crushing teeth for hard bodies creatures they consume

119
Q

elasmobranch heart

A

facultative; oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes

120
Q

Division Teleostei

A
  • Osteoglossomorpha – bony tongues
  • Elopomorpha – tarpon, ladyfish, eels
  • Otocephala –
  • Clupeomorpha herrings & anchovies
  • Ostariophysi – minnows, catfishes, etc.
  • Euteleostei – everything else
121
Q

Teleostei subdivision Elopomorpha

A
  • 4 orders, 24 families, 156 genera and about 801 species
  • elopiformes, albuliformes, anguilliformes, and notacanthiformes
  • unifying character is presence of leptocephalus larval stage
122
Q

Telostei subdivision Octocephala

A 
• Otophysic - Swim bladder makes a connection
to the otic region of the skull
• Ventral keel with specialized scales
• High abundances
• Provide important food web linkages
123
Q

Cypriniformes, Catostomidae

A 
Six genera (Carpiodes, Ictiobus, Cycleptus, Hypentelium,
Moxostoma and Erimyzon)
124
Q

characiformes

A

-Adipose fin
-Well developed jaw teeth
-Probably 237 genera & 1343
species

125
Q

Siluriformes

A

34 families
412 genera
2405 species
1440 species in W. Hemisphere

126
Q

Protacanthopterygii

A

brook trout- slavelinus

127
Q

Neoteleostei

A

• Vertebral column/skull articulation involves
basioccipitals and exoccipitals
• Retractor dorsalis present
• Internal levators lift pharyngeal jaws
• Tooth attachment hinged and depressed
toward back of mouth
• Trend toward anterior pelvic fin placement

128
Q

Acanthomorpha: Spiny Teleosts

A 
• Spiny fin rays
• Vertebral zygapophyses
• More effective suction feeding
• Include Lampriomorpha,
Polymixiomorpha, Paracanthopterygii,
Acanthopterygii
129
Q

Polymixiomorpha

A

Beardfishes – deepwater, marine, cosmopolitan

130
Q

Superorder Paracanthopterygii

A 
• Elaborate protractile premaxilla
• Spines on unpaired fins
• Many possess ctenoid (vs. cycloid or
ganoid) scales
• Most successful as benthic deep-water
types, in dark environments
131
Q

Paracanthoptergyii orders

A

Percopsiformes
gadiformes
batrachoidiformes
lophiiformes

132
Q

Order Percopsiformes

A

Paracanthoptergyii
-3 families, 9 species freshwater
• Family Percopsidae , Family Apherododidae , Family Amblyopsidae – “cave fishes”

133
Q

Order gadiformes

A

12 families, 482 species, marine and freshwater
• Family Gadidae – true cods
– Highly sought after commercially
– Atlantic cod fishery has crashed

134
Q

order batrachoidiformes

A

-paracanthoptergyii
1 family, 69 species marine near shor inshore and deep waer
-toadfishes and midshipman

135
Q

order lophiiformes

A

-paracanthoptergyii
16 families, 297 species, inshore to deepwater marine
• Possess fishing pole (ilicium) with artificial lure (esca) on head; morphology varies to
mimic particular prey items, sometimes photophores with symbiotic luminescent
bacteria are present

136
Q

Super order acanthopterygii

A

represents the
major modern lineage of teleost fishes. Contains
some 13 orders, 251 familes, 13,414 species (or
about half of all known extant fishes).

137
Q

Three groups of acanthopterygii

A
  • Mugilomorpha
  • Atherinomorpha
  • Percomorpha
138
Q

Derived teleosts: acanthopterygii

A 
• Acanthopterygii --
"spiny" fins
• Well developed spines
in fins
• Upper jaw mobility and
protrusibility maximal
• Pharyngeal dentition
and musculature most
developed
• Tree follows Nelson (2006)
139
Q

Atherinomorpha

A

• Most successful in the surface layer of marine and
freshwaters
• Premaxilla does not directly articulate with maxilla;
rostral cartilage
• Livebearing may have evolved repeatedly in the
group
• Long development time (1 – 2 weeks rather than
days) direct development
• Many species introduced for mosquito control

140
Q

Order Cyprinodontiformes

A

– 8 families, 807 spp., coastal

marine, brackish and freshwater, New and Old World

141
Q

Family Aplocheilidae (cyprinodontiformes)

A

– Rivulus
• Only known self-fertilizing fish
• Some species possess resting eggs

142
Q

Family Anablepidae (cyprinodontiformes)

A

– foureye fish, Mexico and

Central America

143
Q

Family Fundulidae (cyprinodontiformes)

A
  • Killifishes

* Many species have “resting” eggs

144
Q 
Family Cyprinodontidae
(cyprinodontiformes)
A
  • Pupfishes

* Desert pupfish

145
Q

Family Poeciliidae (cyprinodontiformes)

A

• livebearers, mollies, swordtails, guppies,
mosquitofishes, etc.
• life history traits contributing to success
• Some species are unisexual

146
Q

Fundulidae

A
  • diamond killIfish
  • golden topminnow
  • balckspotted topminnow
  • rainwater killifish
147
Q

Deep sea acanthopterygians

A

-Orders beryciformes and zeiformes

148
Q

Order beryciformes

A

-7 families 123 species, near shore and deepwater marine

149
Q

order zeifromes

A

6 families, 39 species, deepwater and near shore

150
Q

Beryciformes families

A

– Family Anomalopidae – active at night over reefs
• Lanternfishes – photoluminescent bacterial under eye
– Family Holocentridae
• Squirrelfishes
• Slow growing and maturing

151
Q

Zeiformes families

A 
– Family Zeidae
• Dories
• Deep bodied, large mouths
– Family Caproidae
• boarfishes
152
Q

Gasterosteiformes

A

11 families; 257 spp.; inshore

marine; freshwater

153
Q

Gasterosteiformes families

A 
Family Gasterosteidae
– Sticklebacks
– Complex nest-building and
courtship behaviors
Family Syngnathidae
– Pipefishes, seahorses
154
Q

Order Scorpaeniformes

A
  • 25 families; 1264 spp; marine, freshwater
  • One of the largest teleost orders
  • Suborbital stay (bony process) on cheek
  • Most found at depths <100m,
155
Q

Scorpaeniformes families

A

scorpaenidae and cyclopteridae

156
Q

Family Scorpaenidae

scorpaenidae

A 
– Rockfishes and scorpionfishes
– Found mainly in Indian and Pacific
oceans, some in Atlantic
– Often possess toxic dorsal and anal
spines
– Diurnal, bottom oriented predators
157
Q

family cyclopteridae (scorpaeniformes)

A

– Lumpfishes
– Pelvic fins modified into sucking disk,
attach to bottom and floating objects
– Temperate and Arctic waters of northern
hemisphere
– Prized as food fish, caviar

158
Q

Perciformes

A 
Largest suborder of fishes
Branched caudal rays 17
18 suborders
148 families
1496 genera
9293 species
159
Q

Features common to perciformes

A 
– Fin spines present
– Dorsal fin in two distinct parts
– No adipose fin
– Pelvic fins jugular or thoracic
– Pectoral fins on side of body with vertical insertion
– 17 or fewer principle caudal rays
– Scales usually ctenoid when present
– Swimbladder physoclistous or absent
160
Q

Percidae

A
  • crystal darter
  • gulf logperch
  • freckled darter
  • rock darter
  • tombigbee darter
161
Q

centrarchidae

A
  • largemouth bass
  • longear sunfish
  • black crappie
  • bluespotted sunfish
162
Q

order pleuronectiformes

A

• Key Morphological features and Metamorphosis
• Juvenile and adult forms asymmetrical – larvae bilaterally
symmetrical
• Metamorphosis occurs between 4 to 120 mm over about a 5
day period
• Bones incompletely ossified
• Anterior neurocranium, brain, and eyesockets rotate
• Semicircular canals rotate 90o
, lateral line sometimes absent
from bottom side
• Swim bladder reduced or absent in adults
• Migration of eyes can be dextral (right-eyed), or sinistral (lefteyed);
some species polymorphic (starry flounders –
Pleuronectidae)

163
Q

Order Tetraondontiformes

A

9 families, 339 spp., tropical, temperate marine, freshwater

164
Q

key morphological features of tetraondontiformes

A

– Body shape varies from globular to triangular to extremely
compressed
– Name refers to common pattern of four teeth (formed from fusion of
ancient teeth)
– Loss of pelvic fin and girdle (Balistidae, Tetraondontidae, Molidae)
– High degree of fusion and loss of bones in head and body; reduction in
vertebrae, hyomandibular firmly attached to skull, maxilla and
premaxilla fused
– Large jaw musculature, pharyngeal dentition stout
– Secondarily evolved bony armor

Fish (3 decks)

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