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Psych 350 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

We are motivated to believe what is right and avoid believing what is wrong.

A

Accuracy Motive

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2
Q

The theory that asserts people want to be known and understood by others according to their firmly held beliefs and feelings about themselves, that is self-views

A

Self-Verification

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3
Q

A type of motivation that works to make people feel good about themselves and to maintain self-esteem. This motive becomes especially prominent in situations of threat, failure or blows to one’s self-esteem.
-Prefers positive over negative self views.

A

Self-Enhancement

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4
Q

What are the three positive illusions?

A
  1. We are better than average.
    - We think we have more good traits and success and fewer flaws and failures than other people.
  2. Overestimate our amount of control.
    - We think we have more control over events than we actually do (superstitions).
  3. We’re unrealistically optimistic.
    - Overconfidence that good things will happen to us and that bad things will not.
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5
Q

Focuses on efforts to maintain an overall sense of self-worth when are confronted with feedback or events that threaten a valued self-image, such as getting a poor test grade or health information indicating we are at risk for a specific illness.

A

Self-Affirmation Theory

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6
Q

The desire to maintain, increase, or protect positive views of self: when we make downward social comparisons, this is this theory at work.

A

Self Enhancement Theory

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7
Q

Refers to the dynamic, changeable self-evaluations a person experiences as momentary feelings about the self. This changes from one context to the next.

A

Working self concept.

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8
Q

Refers to the overall positive or negative evaluation people have of themselves.

A

Self-Esteem

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9
Q

The domains in life that affect self-esteem differ from person to person. Self-esteem is contingent on rises and falls with successes and failures in domains on which a person has based his or her self-worth.

A

Contingent Self Esteem

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10
Q

An idea that maintains that self-esteem is an internal, subjective index or marker of the extent to which a person is included or looked on favorably by others.

A

Sociometer Model of Self-Esteem

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11
Q

We define ourselves in terms of how others see us.

-True in some relationships, e.g., parent/child.

A

Looking Glass Self

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12
Q
  • Much more influential.
    i. We define ourselves in terms of how we think others see us.
    ii. Differs from looking glass in that our perceptions of what others think, might not be accurate.
A

Reflected Self-Appraisal

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13
Q
  • Can I believe this study or poll that I want to believe?

i. People use the Can I reasoning in order to deal with positive ideas.

A

Can I Reasoning

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14
Q
  • Must I believe this study or poll that I don’t want to believe?
    i. People use the Must I reasoning in order to deal with negative ideas.
A

Must I Reasoning

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15
Q

Cognitive structures made up of beliefs, memories, and feelings related to a specific aspect of ourselves.
-Helps to process, organize, and remember info about the self.

A

Self-Schemas

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16
Q

How good of a relationship partner you are, how athletic you are, whether you’re an adventurous person, etc.

A

Self Schemas a bouts

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17
Q

A knowledge structure consisting of any organized body or stored information.
-Includes our beliefs, expectations, and knowledge about an event, place, or thing (e.g., a table).

A

Schema

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18
Q

A presentation of information designed to activate a concept, making it accessible in the mind.

A

Priming

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19
Q

The stimulus presented to activate the concept.

A

A prime

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20
Q

What do schemas influence?

A

Schemas can influence judgments even when the schema activation occurs outside our conscious awareness.

attention, judgments/inferences, memory, perception (what you see), even our behavior.

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21
Q

How do schemas influence memory?

A

they may influence how information is encoded into memory and how it’s retrieved from memory.

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22
Q

a. They are simple rules for making decisions in a rapid manner.
b. They are shortcuts that allow people to conserve their mental resources.

A

Heuristics

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23
Q

Judgments of likelihood or categorization based on how similar the target item is to our conception of the typical member of that category in question.

A

Representativeness

24
Q

We make judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease which evidence or examples come to mind.

A

Availability

25
Q

The cognitive tendency to notice and search for information that confirms one’s belief and to ignore information that disconfirms one’s beliefs

A

Confirmation BIas

26
Q

a. When we are motivated to believe a hypothesis, those motivations also lead us to:
i. Notice and seek out info consistent with what we want to believe.
ii. To ignore info inconsistent with what we want to believe.
1. This makes people particularly good at knowing what info is relevant for disconfirming a hypothesis they don’t want to agree with.

A

Motivated Confirmation Bias

27
Q

based on personal experience.

A

Firsthand Experience

28
Q

personal experiences may be unrepresentative. E.g., making judgments about a country from experience with only a few people and/or places.

A

Misleading Firsthand Info

29
Q

a. comes from other sources.

i. E.g., gossip, books, the web, etc.

A

Secondhand Info

30
Q

a. comes from ideological distortions and negative vs. positive info.
i. As a result, people may believe they are more at risk of victimization than they really are (availability heuristic).

A

Misleading Second Hand Info

31
Q

people may be biased when giving info to others because they wish to foster specific ideas in others.

A

Ideological Distortions

32
Q

a. We are more sensitive to and pay more attention to negative information compared to positive information.

A

Negative vs. Positive Info

33
Q

a. We are more sensitive to and pay more attention to negative information compared to positive information.

A

Bad News Bias

34
Q

The influence on judgments resulting from the way that information is presented.

A

Framing Affects

35
Q

Primacy= information presented first has a bigger influence than information presented later.

A

Order Affects

36
Q

framing an event or info in a way that focuses on the positive/what you gain from the experience.

A

Gain Framing

37
Q

a. framing an event or info in a way that focuses on the negative/what you lose.
i. tends to be more effective as people are often more afraid to lose something than glad to gain something.

A

Loss Framing

38
Q

Framing info to be seen as favorable or unfavorable.

-Order that you tell someone matters.

A

Spin Framing

39
Q

Five differences between the independent culture and the interdependent culture.

A

Independent:

  1. Likes to assert their uniqueness and independence.
  2. Have high self esteem.
  3. Tend to look at the scene from their own original point of view.
  4. Tend to look from themselves to the outside world.
  5. Men tend to have independent views.

Interdependent:

  1. Have to find a place in their community to fulfill certain roles.
  2. Lower self esteem.
  3. Tend to imagine the scene as an observer.
  4. Tend to look at social world, looking back at themselves as an object of attention.
  5. Women tend to have more interdependent views.
40
Q

Tend to help us define ourselves favorably, giving a boost to our self-esteem.

A

Downward Comparisons.

41
Q

Centers on the belief that there is a drive within individuals to gain accurate self-evaluations.

A

Social Comparison

42
Q

When people compare themselves to people who are better than they are,

A

Upward Comparisons

43
Q

When people compare themselves to those who are less proficient than they are.

A

Downward Comparisons

44
Q
  • self-esteem is contingent on (rises and falls with) success and failures in domains on which a person has based his or her self-worth. Self-esteem tends to rise when things are going well in domains that are personally important to us, but will drop when things go poorly in these domains.
A

Contingencies of Self-Worth

45
Q

self-esteem is primarily a readout of our likely standing with others; that is, self-esteem is an internal, subjective index of how well we are regarded by others and hence how likely we are to be included or excluded by them.

A

Sociometer Hypothesis

46
Q

Act in a way that would increase one’s social acceptance.

A

Low Self-Esteem

47
Q

Keep doing what you’re doing.

A

High Self-Esteem

48
Q

Name and Define two of the three positive illusions.

A
  • We think that we are better than average.
    o We sometimes mistakenly think we have more good traits and success and fewer flaws and failures than other people.
  • We’re unrealistically optimistic.
    o Overconfident that good things will happen to us and bad things will not.
49
Q

Example of the availability heuristic.

A

o Which of these two American States has more tornadoes each year: Nebraska or Kansas? They both have about the same average but it is more likely for someone to answer Kansas.

50
Q

Example of the representativeness heuristic.

A

o Is he gay? Is she a Republican? In making these assessments, we automatically asses the extent to which the person in question SEEMS gay or Republican.

51
Q

How are you feeling today? How is the weather? vs. How is the weather? How are you feeling?

A

Example of Order Framing

52
Q

As a loss or as a gain. People tend to avoid risk when a positive frame is presented but seek risks when a negative frame is presented.

A

Example of framing affects

53
Q
  • When we are motivated to believe a hypothesis, those motivations lead us to: notice and seek out info consistent with what we want to believe and to ignore information that is inconsistent with what we want to believe.
    o This makes people particularly good at knowing what info is relevant for disconfirming a hypothesis they don’t want to agree with
A

Motivated confirmation bias

54
Q

How do schemas influence attention?

A

because schemas can be so strong, they can prevent us from seeing even very dramatic stimuli we don’t expect to see. Attention is selective and we can’t focus on everything. The knowledge we bring to a given situation enables us to direct our attention to what’s most important and ignore everything else.

55
Q

How do schemas influence inferences about other people?

A

A person’s schemas about traits in people like adventurousness and recklessness influence the kind of inferences they make about people. Information that is most accessible in memory can influence how we construe new information.

56
Q

How do schemas influence behavior?

A

Certain types of behavior are elicited automatically when people are exposed to stimuli in the environment that bring to mind a particular schema.

57
Q

Give two examples of variables that influence the accuracy of secondhand information. Then, for each, describe a situation in everyday life where it could occur.

A

Secondhand Information- Comes form other sources. Two variables that impact that: ideological distortions (people may be biased when giving information to others because they wish to foster specific ideas in others. Negative/positive info is the other- we are more sensitive to and pay more attention to negative information compared to positive information.

Psych 350 (2 decks)

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