exam 2 Flashcards
What are the four distinct models of policing implemented by the english?
The kin police system, the frankpledge police system, the parish-constable police system, and the uniformed police system.
In the 1800s, the fear of __________ led to the development of a police system with full-time paid officers.
immigrants
August Vollmer’s reform agenda:
- Restrict political influence
- Hire qualified managers
- Redefine police role
- Raise personnel standards
- Apply scientific management
- Develop specialized units
What was an unanticipated consequence of introducing patrol cars to policing?
Isolation from the public
Why did police reforms fail in the 1960’s?
- The police could not prevent crime
- Fear of crime increased.
- Racial and ethnic minorities believed that police discriminated against them.
- The civil rights and anti-war movements challenged the legitimacy of the police.
- Police reforms did not have the support of rank-and-file officers
- Local governments slashed police budgets.
prohibited the police from conducting unreasonable searches and seizures and excluded illegally obtained evidence from state criminal trials
Mapp v. Ohio
Community policing model
- police cannot control crime alone
- Neighborhood Watch and Police Athletic Leagues
- A reactive crime-prevention strategy
- Emphasizing the solid relationship (partnership) between the police and the public
- Bringing community policing to schools
Problem oriented policing
- proactive crime-fighting strategy
- Identifying the root cause of a problem
- Develop solution –work with the public
Responsibilities of the sheriff’’s department
- investigate crime
- operate the jail
- process court orders
- provide security for county courts
- collect county fees and property taxes
Zero tolerance policing
- Focusing on social disorder, minor crime, and the appearance of crime
- based on the broken window theory
- repairing broken social window in a neighborhood
Which U.S. state does not have a state police agency?
Hawaii
The oldest federal police agency in the United States is the:
U.S. Marshals Service
The U.S. Secret Service is responsible for:
- -investigates violations of law relating to counterfeiting, identity theft, computer fraud, and computer-based crimes.
- protecting POTUS, VP, and heads of state
Responsibilities of Interpol:
- secure global police communication services
- organize data services and databases for police
- operate police support services
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
- U.S. Marshals Service
- U.S. Secret Service
- U.S. Postal Inspection Service
- Federal Bureau of Investigation
The __________ police system was made up of tythings, hundreds, and shires.
The Frankpledge Police System
When the colonists arrived in America, they brought the ________________ police system with them.
The Parish-Constable Police System
__________ is widely considered to be the founder of the professional American police department.
August Vollmer
The understanding that the police cannot control crime alone and need help from citizens to prevent crime led to the development of ___________ policing.
Community Policing
The _____________________ theory suggests that police need to eliminate conditions in neighborhoods that produce fear and lead to neighborhood decay
Broken Window Theory
The chief law enforcement officer of a county is the _______________.
The Sheriff
The first state police agency was the _______________.
Texas Rangers
The __________ was originally created to combat currency counterfeiting.
U.S. Secret Service
The principal investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice is the _____________.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
__________ supports organizations in preventing and combating international crimes.
International Police, Interpol
Police system in the U.S. is ___________.
decentralized
Before the police may take a suspect into custody, they must establish:
Probable Cause
Judicial officers determine whether a search warrant should be issued based on:
the totality of circumstances rule
The silver platter doctrine referred to what practice?
The silver platter doctrine permitted state officers to hand over “on a silver platter” evidence that had been illegally obtained for use at federal trials.
The Supreme Court case of ___________ extended the exclusionary rule to the states.
Mapp v. Ohio
When they make an arrest, which areas may the police search without a warrant?
The suspect and immediate area he or she occupies
What standard of proof is required for an officer to stop and frisk a suspect?
Reasonable Suspicion
Which of the following describes the plain view doctrine?
Police can seize evidence in plain view of a legal vantage point.
- Which action by officer of the following is justifiable at trial?
A. Officer A arrested a suspect and searched the suspect’s house.
B. Officer B shot a suspect who broke a window and tried to run away from the scene.
C. Officer C stopped a pedestrian and frisked because there was an eye contact.
D. Officer D obtained a critical evidence through searching a suspect’s property with mistakenly issued search warrant.
D. because of Good faith exception- Illegally obtained evidence admissible if police had good reason to believe actions were legal
9. Which of the following places/items can be searched without a warrant? A. A rental storage unit B. An occupied apartment C. A trash can in a public place D. All of these
C.
To hold a police officer criminally liable for making an arrest without probable cause, the prosecution must prove that:
The prosecution must prove that the officer deprived the suspect of a constitutional right.
-the officer willfully violated the suspect’s constitutional rights.
Why are judicial officers given absolute immunity from prosecution?
They rely on information given to them by others, and sometimes information can be faulty.
The in-presence requirement refers to:
the requirement that police can only make a warrantless misdemeanor arrest if the crime was committed in the officer’s presence.
In addition to requiring the police to inform suspects of their rights, what other issue was addressed by the Court in Miranda v. Arizona?
Police may not use interrogation procedures that intimidate the suspect
In which case did the Court establish a public safety exception to Miranda?
New York v. Quarles - gun was hidden and found and Quarles was subsequently arrested before his Miranda rights were read because of the endangerment to the public.
Exceptions to the exclusionary rule:
- inevitable discovery rule
- good faith exception
- violation of knock-and-announce rule
__________ is the reasonable belief that a person committed a crime.
Reasonable Suspicion
If police do not receive voluntary consent to search and seize property, they must obtain a ________________________.
Search Warrant
The _________ prohibits the introduction of illegally obtained evidence into a criminal trial.
Exclusionary Rule
If evidence is obtained illegally but would have eventually been discovered by lawful means, the evidence is admissible in court under the _________________ rule..
inevitable discovery rule
The __________ allows the warrantless search of vehicles if police have probable cause for assuming that the vehicle is involved in illegal activities.
Carroll doctrine
A(n) ________________ occurs when the police physically take a suspect into custody on the grounds that they believe the suspect has committed a criminal offense.
arrest
__________ have absolute immunity from civil actions and criminal prosecutions.
Judicial Officers
In New York v. Quarles, the Supreme Court established a _______________ exception to Miranda.
“public safety”
___________ is the process of officially recording the name of the person arrested, the place and time of the arrest, the reason for the arrest, and the name of the arresting authority.
Booking
A(n) ____________ is a pretrial identification procedure in which several people are shown to a victim or a witness of a crime.
line-up
Why is selective enforcement of the law problematic?
- unfair for the police to respond differently to similar situations
- police may abuse their power and target specific individuals or groups
- may lead to favoritism and corruption
Nonlegal factors that can affect the decision to arrest:
- Demeanor and respect towards law enforcement
- Race
- Sex
- Social Class
- Characteristics of the police officer him or herself have been suggest to affect arrest decision (extralegal factors)
One possible reason why lower-class individuals are arrested more often than those in the middle and upper classes is that:
the police have a greater presence in lower-class neighborhoods.
statements regarding the impact of officer characteristics on arrests:
- Younger officers are more likely to arrest suspects than older officers
- college educated officers are less likely to make arrests than are officers with no college education
- Female and male officers arrest suspects at the same rate.
Discretion is most commonly controlled by:
Written rules
The type of corruption in which an officer receives goods or services in exchange for referring
business to individuals or companies is known as:
Kickbacks
Corruption in which an officer requests money from a citizen with a threat to enforce a law if
the officer is not paid is known as:
Shakedowns
What is the current purpose of the Chicago Crime Commission?
To monitor the city’s criminal justice system for corruption.
The Knapp Commission
investigated police corruption in New York City after the
public revelations of corruption made by Frank Serpico and David Durk.
A police department that is pervasively corrupt falls into which category of Sherman’s
typology?
Pervasive Organized Corruption
Explanations for police corruption
- officer personality
- police discretion
- minimal supervision
- low public visibility
- limited accountability
- peer group secrecy
- managerial secrecy
Which standard for police use of deadly force was overturned by the Supreme Court in the
case of Tennessee v. Garner?
fleeing-felon rule: officer could use deadly force to stop a suspect from fleeing.
Which of the following criteria is used by police departments and officers when making the
decision to pursue an alleged offender?
- severity of the offending infraction
- speed of travel
- number of pedestrians and vehicles on the street
- weather conditions
- Whether the suspect is known and could be apprehended at a later time
- whether the benefits of apprehending a suspect outweighs the risks of endangering officers, the public and the suspect
The most frequently reported source of stress for police officers is:
-supervisors either overwhelm or underreport them, or provide them with too much paperwork and not enough structure.
in short “problems with supervisors”
Female officers respond more effectively than male officers in:
domestic violence incidents
Police ________________ is the authority of the police to choose one course of action over
another.
Police discretion
When the police practice __________ law enforcement, they under-enforce some laws and
over-enforce others.
selective law enforcement
__________ factors have nothing to do with crime but affect an officer’s arrest decision.
Nonlegal factors
_________ involve officers extorting money from citizens by threatening to enforce laws if
the police are not paid off.
shakedowns
According to the Knapp Commission, __________ are officers who accept payoffs that come
their way.
grass-eaters
Small groups of officers who engage in corrupt activities together are known as _________.
rotten pockets
Police __________ is the unlawful use of force by a police officer.
brutality
A(n) __________ policy mandates that the police use every other means possible to maintain
order before turning to deadly force.
preservation-of-life standard
____________ is an upsetting condition that occurs in response to adverse external
influences and is capable of affecting an officer’s physical health.
stress
__________ was the first female police officer in the United States.
Lola Baldwin
