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OU PDA > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of primary lipids

A

Fixed oils, fats, phospholipids, waxes, mineral oils, paraffin

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2
Q

What are waxes?

A

esters of fatty acids and alcohols

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3
Q

What are the different triglycerides?

A

fixed oils and fats

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4
Q

Examples of secondary lipids

A

Polyketides (aromatics, etc), terpenoids and steroids, phenylpropanoids

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5
Q

secondary lipids property

A

not soluble in water, soluble in ehter, chloroform, lipid, fat solvents

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6
Q

Examples of volatile oils

A

essential oils, essences

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7
Q

Properties of volatile oils

A

small aliphatics, aromatics, potent odors, flavors

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8
Q

Examples of resins

A
  • Oleoresins: turpentine, capsicum

- Balsams: contain benzoic and/or cinnamic acids (benzoin)

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9
Q

Properties of resins

A

solid, amorphous, complex lipid mixtures; when you injure a plant, liquid comes out and turns to solid when dried

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10
Q

Examples of latex

A

rubber latex and opium latex

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11
Q

Properties of latex

A

aqueous suspensions of lipids; when you injure a plant, white liquid comes out and turns black when dried

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12
Q

Examples of fixed oils

A

Castor oil, Olive oil, Peanut oil, Soybean, Sesame oil. Cottonseed oil, Corn oil, Safflower oil, Coconut Oil

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13
Q

Examples of fatty acids

A

Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic acids

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14
Q

Examples of waxes

A

Beeswax, Carnauba wax

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15
Q

What do oil base paints contain?

A

Linolenic acid

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16
Q

What are the different classes of steroidal drugs?

A
  • Plant Steroids/Sterols
  • Steroid Hormones
  • Semi- and Synthetic Steroid Drugs
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17
Q

Examples of plant steroids/sterols

A

Cardiac Steroids, Sitosterol

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18
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Sex hormones, adrenocorticoid hormones (cholesterol as a derivative)

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19
Q

Examples of semi- and synthetic steroid drugs

A

Corticosteroids, Anabolic steroids

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20
Q

What are antibiotics derived from acetate metabolism?

A

These are all BIOsysnthesized:

  • Tetracyclines
  • Antineoplastic Anthracycline Derivatives
  • Macrolide Antibiotics
  • Polyenes
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21
Q

Examples of Polyene/Polyketide Drugs

A
  • Lovastatin
  • Simvastatin
  • Rifampin
  • Nystatin
    (apparently tetraclycines and erythromycin are under this category?)
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22
Q

Examples of Antineoplastic Anthracycline Derivatives

A
  • Doxorubicin
  • Plicamycin
  • Mitomycin
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23
Q

Examples of Macrolide Antibiotics

A
  • Erythromycin
  • Oleandomycin
  • Vancomycin
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24
Q

Structure of macrolide antibiotics

A

characterized by a macrolactone ring that is glycosidically linked to one or more sugars

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25
Q

Structure of polyenes

A

Amphoteric actinomycete metabolites characterized by a series of conjugated double bonds.

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26
Q

What is an example of a fatty acid that is a SECONDARY metabolite?

A

Arachidonic Acid

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27
Q

Where can you find Arachidonic Acid?

A
  • peanuts, animals, coral

- precursor to Prostaglandins

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28
Q

Where can you find Prostaglandins?

A

animals, coral

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29
Q

What are Terpenoids?

A

derivatives from Arachidonic Acid with 5 carbon units; derived from acetate

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30
Q

Numbering and naming system for Terpenoids

A
  • C5 —Hemiterpenes
  • C15 — Sesquiterpenes
  • C20 —Diterpenes
  • C10 —Monoterpenes
  • C30—Triterpenes
  • C40—Tetraterpene
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31
Q

Volatile oils composition

A

Consist largely of terpenes (isoprene units)

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32
Q

Examples of Phenylpropanoids

A

Methyl Salicylate, Eugenol, Cinnamaldehyde (these are NOT derived from acetate)

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33
Q

What plant species is used in the treatment of infections, diabetes, and hepatitis B? And what does it consists of?

A
  • Phyllantus species

- Consists of Triterpenoid

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34
Q

T/F; Alkaloids are ubiquitous in nature.

A

TRUE :)

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35
Q

Define alkaloids

A

Naturally occurring, organic nitrogenous compounds that are usually basic and derived from amino acids

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36
Q

What are the different types of alkaloids?

A
  • True Alkaloids
  • Proto-alkaloids
  • Pseudo-alkaloids
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37
Q

Where are proto-alkaloids found?

A

mammals

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38
Q

Properties of alkaloids

A
  • Solids; basic in nature
  • Bitter
  • Base and salt forms
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39
Q

How can you purify alkaloids from plant matter?

A

Reversible reactions going back and forth from base to salt

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40
Q

What can you use to precipitate alkaloids?

A

Alkaloidal reagents:
- Mayer’s Reagent
- Dragendorff’s reagent
Will only react with true alkaloids

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41
Q

What are the classes of alkaloids?

A
  • Pyridine
  • Piperidine
  • Pyrrolidine
  • Imidazole
  • Quinoline
  • Isoquinoline
  • Indole
  • Purine
  • Tropane
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42
Q

What is the structure for true alkaloids?

A

when the N is in a ring structure

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43
Q

What are the precursors for true alkaloids?

A
  • Phenylalanine
  • Tyrosine
  • Tryptophan
  • Histidine
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44
Q

What is the structure for proto-alkaloids?

A

when the N is outside the ring; may or may not react with alkaloidal reagent

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45
Q

How do pseudoalkaloids differ from true alkaloids?

A
  • are not derived from amino acids

- do not react with alkaloidal reagent

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46
Q

How can you tell if morphine / opium is in a compound or solution?

A

React it with FeCl3. Meconic acid is present only in opium and will react with FeCl3 to give a red color

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47
Q

Which amino acid are isoquinoline alkaloids derived from?

A

tyrosine

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48
Q

Which amino acid are indole alkaloids derived from?

A

tryptophan

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49
Q

Why does pseudo-alkaloids not react with alkaloidal reagents?

A

because their N can be ionized

50
Q

Define pharmacology

A

study of chemical substances that can come into the body and change the physiological function of one of our organs or physiological processes

51
Q

Define toxicology

A

the branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable side effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems

52
Q

Define pharmacophore

A

the portion of a drug that is responsible for its biological action

53
Q

Define prototype

A

a representative agent for a drug class

54
Q

Define agonist

A

Drug that binds receptor and produces biologic response

55
Q

Define antagonist

A

Drugs that decrease or oppose action of another drug or endogenous ligand

56
Q

What are the different branches of toxicology?

A
  • Environmental
  • Economic
  • Forensic
57
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

study of what our body will do to the drug; ADME

58
Q

What does chemotherapeutic agents attack?

A

anything that is nonhuman + cancer cells; ex. bacteria, fungi, parasite, virus

59
Q

What are bacteriostatic agents?

A

stop the growth of bacteria

60
Q

What are bacteriocidal agents?

A

eradicate bacteria

61
Q

What specific targets in bacteria does chemotherapeutic agents attack?

A
  • cell wall synthesis
  • ribosomes; transcription and translation
  • DNA synthesis and integrity
  • folic acid metabolism
62
Q

What specific targets in fungi does chemotherapeutic agents attack?

A
  • cell membrane ergosterol
  • synthesis of specific cell wall glycan
  • DNA synthesis
63
Q

What specific targets in virus does chemotherapeutic agents attack?

A
  • attachment and entry onto the cell
  • Polymerase and protease
  • Reverse transcriptase
  • Reverse transcriptase
  • Modulation of viral genes
64
Q

What specific targets in cancer cells does chemotherapeutic agents attack?

A
  • DNA synthesis

- signal transduction

65
Q

Properties of pharmacotherapeutic agents

A
  • act on specific sites on the cells
  • ↑ or ↓ organ function
  • selective for organs but may results in adverse effects in organs that have same receptors
  • toxicity is often extension of drug’s therapeutic action
66
Q

What are the different types of receptors?

A
  • Ligand-gated ion channels
  • G protein coupled receptors
  • Enzyme linked receptors
  • Intracellular receptors
67
Q

Differentiate between transmembrane receptors and intracellular receptors.

A

Intracellular are inside the cell. The rest are transmembrane. Transmembrane agonists are hydrophillic. Intracellular agonists are hydrophobic (lipophillic) and can cross the membrane easily to bind to the receptor on the inside.

68
Q

What (rights) do you have to have in order to have a positive therapeutic effect?

A

Right drug, right place in the right amount for the right duration of time.

69
Q

What are the ways in which the action of a drug can be described?

A
  • Symptomatic
  • Physiological
  • Cellular
  • Molecular
70
Q

What is the difference between agonist antagonist drugs?

A
  • Agonist: binds to receptor to produce response similar to natural ligand
  • Antagonist: binds to receptor to block a response; no effect on it’s own; effective in presence of agonist
71
Q

What is the difference between specific and non-specific drugs?

A
  • Specific targets the cause of the disease

- Non-specific relieves symptoms

72
Q

Define membrane transporters

A

binding sites for drugs which do not mediate drug action but are involved with determining plasma concentrations of drugs

73
Q

What are the types of membrane transporters?

A
  • ATP binding cassettes (ABC)

- Solute carrier transporters (SLC)

74
Q

Properties of ABC

A
  • primary active transport

- pumps drugs out of cells

75
Q

Properties of SLC

A
  • facilitated transporters
  • ion-coupled secondary active transporters
  • reuptake of neurotransmitters
76
Q

What are SNPs?

A

proteins that are polymorphs that are genetically determined

77
Q

What are the types of bond in drug-receptor binding?

A
  • Covalent bonds
  • Ionic bonds
  • Cation-π interactions
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Van der Waals forces
  • Hydrophobic interactions
78
Q

Describe cation-π interactions

A

happens between electronic cloud of aromatic compounds and positive ions; common in neurotransmitter binding

79
Q

How are hydrophobic interactions important in drug-receptor binding?

A

↑ binding to each other & ↓ binding to aqueous environment via hydrogen bonding

80
Q

Define orthosteric site

A

the site on the receptor where the agonist binds to

81
Q

Hippocrates (according to the notes)

A

first to think of therapeutics without concept of evil spirits/religious rituals

82
Q

Which century did methods start to develop to do physiological and pharmacological experiments?

A

18th century

83
Q

When did the modern pharmaceutical industry start to develop? (chemicals are synthesized instead of solely made from plants)

A

1920’s

84
Q

Who discovered aspirin?

A

Felix Hoffmann

85
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

86
Q

Who was John Langley?

A
  • first to postulate receptor theory calling it “receptive substance”
  • studied muscle contraction via nicotine, curare, pilocarpine, atropine
  • this is where we have our first indications for Pharmacotherapeutic mechanisms
87
Q

Who was Paul Ehrlich?

A
  • Treated bacterial infections with dyes and heavy metals
  • developed chemotherapy further using rabbits
  • this is where we have our first indication for Chemotherapeutic mechanisms
88
Q

Whose research lead to what we now called receptors?

A

Ehrlich and Langley’s research at the end of the 19th century

89
Q

What is Vagusstuff?

A

acetylcholine

90
Q

Who discovered that neurotransmitters are chemical compositions?

A

Dale & Loewi

91
Q

Who is Sir James Black?

A

Discovered the first agent to block beta adrenergic receptors, Propranolol, a life-saving drug for heart disease.

92
Q

Define Xenobiotic

A

A drug or chemical which is foreign to the body.

93
Q

Define Chemotherapy

A

Application of drugs for treatment of diseases caused by invading organisms

94
Q

Define Antibiotic

A

part of a living organism used to treat to kill another organism

95
Q

Define Idiosyncracy

A

Unusual or exaggerated side effect, e.g., barbiturate causing pain and excitement; morphine.

96
Q

What are Additive Drug Effects?

A

when two drugs used in combination produce the sum effect of what they would act separately

97
Q

What is Potentiation?

A

when two drugs used in combination produces a greater effect than what they would normally produce separately and added together

98
Q

Explain the types of tolerances

A
  • Drug disposition tolerance - enzyme induction, metabolized faster
  • Pharmacodynamic tolerance - CNS adaptation, body adapts to drug
99
Q

Define Tachyphylaxis

A

Acute tolerance - tolerance within 1 -2 doses

100
Q

What are the mechanisms for drug antagonism?

A
  • Receptor (pharmacologic): when both bind to the same receptor
  • Physiologic: acting on different receptors but do opposite effect that they nullify each other
  • Chemical: chemical bind to drug and inhibit it
101
Q

What is passive filtration?

A

passive diffusion (moving along concentration gradient) but through a pore or channel

102
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

moves down concentration gradient but requires a carrier

103
Q

What is transcytosis?

A
  • carries molecules via vesicles
  • invovles endo and exo cytosis
  • slow
104
Q

What is the difference between passive filtration and diffusion?

A
  • diffusion: passes through membrane; has to be non-ionized

- filtration: passes through pores or channels; doesn’t matter if ionized or not as long as it can fit through pore

105
Q

What are the absorption factors?

A
  • Solubility of drug
  • Dissolution rate (solid dose)
  • Concentration at the site
  • Circulation to the site
  • Absorbing surface area
106
Q

What are limitations in oral route?

A
  • Many drugs are poorly absorbed
  • GI destruction
  • Drug passes through liver
107
Q

What are (dis)advantages of oral mucosa route?

A
  • Limited absorption

- Avoids first-pass metabolism

108
Q

What are (dis)advantages of rectal route?

A
  • Used in pediatrics
  • No nausea and vomiting
  • Avoids portal circulation by 50%
  • Absorption is irregular and often incomplete
109
Q

What is responsible for binding of acidic drugs?

A

serum albumin

110
Q

What is responsible for binding of basics drugs?

A

α1-glycoproteins

111
Q

Where are ions and heavy metals stored?

A

in the bone

112
Q

What are two mechanisms of the kidney?

A
  • Glomerular filtration

- Tubular secretion

113
Q

How can drugs be excreted?

A
  • Feces
  • Lungs
  • Milk
  • Sweat, saliva, tears
  • Hair, skin
114
Q

What is polypharmacy?

A

when you’re taking more than 4 tablets at a given time

115
Q

What is polypharmacology?

A

refer to drugs that act on more than one target

116
Q

What is elastase’s function?

A

to chew up damaged elastin tissues in the lung

117
Q

What keeps elastase in check?

A

alpha-1-antitrypsin

118
Q

What happens if you lack by alpha-1-antitrypsin?

A

you have a higher chance of getting emphysema

119
Q

In DNA, how many base pairs are there for each 360 degree turn?

A

10 nucleotide base pairs

120
Q

Where are the preferred sites for DNA alkulation?

A
  • N7 of guanine

- N3 of adenine

121
Q

What is the function of topoisomerase?

A

remove knots and separate links in tangled DNA

122
Q

What happens if you block the action of topoisomerase?

A

cell death

OU PDA (8 decks)

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