exam 2 Flashcards
two major components of immune system
cellular immune system (T lymphocytes)
humoral immune system (B lymphocytes)
autoimmune diseases
too much
immunodeficiency diseases
too little
autoimmune hemolytic anemia
affects red blood cells; anemia, fatigue, weakness, splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). the anemia can be severe and even fatal
Goodpasture’s syndrome
lungs and kidneys; shortness of breath, coughing up blood, fatigue, swelling, and itching; prognosis is good if treatment begins before severe lung or kidney damage occurs
Graves’ disease
thyroid gland; hyperthyroidism (the thyroid gland is stimulated and enlarged, resulting in high levels of thyroid hormones); symptoms may include a rapid heart rate, intolerance of heat, tremor, weight loss, and nervousness; with treatment the prognosis is good
pemphigus
skin; large blisters form on the skin; the disorder can be life-threatening
type 1 diabetes mellitus
beta cells of the pancreas which produce insulin; symptoms may include excessive thirst, urination, and appetite, as well as various long-term complications; lifelong treatment with insulin; the prognosis varies greatly and tends to be worse when the disease is severe and lasts a long time.
rheumatoid arthritis
joints or other tissues, such as lung, nerve, skin and heart tissues; symptoms may include fever, fatigue, joint pain and stiffness, deformed joints, shortness of breath, loss of sensations, weakness, rashes, chest pain, swellings under the skin; the prognosis varies
scleroderma
excessive collage disposition in skin and internal organs such as lung, GI tracts, heart and kidneys; thickened skin, edema, ischemia of fingers, pain…symptoms cry depending on whether disease is progressive or limited
multiple sclerosis
brain and spinal cord; the covering of affected nerve cells is damaged and therefore, cell cannot conduct nerve signals
systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus)
joints, kidneys, skin, lungs, heart, brain and blood cells; symptoms of anemia and those of kidney, lung, or heart disorders may occur; a rash may develop; the prognosis varies widely, but most people can lead an active life despite occasional flare-ups of the disorder
vasculitis
blood vessels; vasculitis can affect blood vessels in one or several parts of the body; symptoms may include rashes, abdominal pain, loss of vision, and symptoms of nerve damage or kidney failure. the prognosis depends on extent of tissue is damage
how autoimmune reactions can be triggered
a substance in the body that is normally hidden from the immune system is released into the bloodstream; a normal body substance is altered, by a virus, drug, sunlight or radiation; the altered substance may appear foreign to the immune system; a foreign body substance that resembles a natural body substance may enter the body; the immune system may inadvertently target the similar body substance as well as the foreign substance; the cells that control antibody production (b lymphocytes) may malfunction and produce abnormal antibodies that attack someone the boyd’s cells
diagnosis of inflammation
erythrocyte sedimentation rate: often increased because proteins that ar produced in response to inflammation interfere with the ability of red blood cells (erythrocytes) to remain suspended in blood; presence of specific antibodies: such as antinuclear antibodies (present in system lupus erythematous), rheumatoid factor (present in rheumatoid arthritis)
treatment of autoimmune disease
suppressing the immune system
malar rash
butterfly rash; lupus
primary/congenital immunodeficiency diseases
antibody ID impaired production
T-cell ID
combined ID; reduced Abs; T-cell defects
antibody ID impaired production
Bruton X-linked; agammaglobulinimeia; selective IgA deficiency; common variable ID
T-cell ID
DiGeorge Syndrome
chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
combined ID reduced Abs T-cell defects
adenosine deaminase deficiency; wiskott-aldrich syndrome
HIV mechanism
primarily infects CD4+ T-lymphocytes by attaching to cell-surface receptor molecules on the cell membrane; using them to gain entry to the cell
clinical AIDS
when a significant number of CD4 cells have been destroyed and production of new CD4 cannot match destruction, then failure of the immune system leads to the appearance of clinical AIDS. Normal CD4 values: 500-1200 cells/microliter
A decrease in the total CD4 count below 500 cells/microliter
presages the development of clinical AIDS
a drop below 200 cells/microliter for CD4 count
indicates a high probability for the development of AIDS-related opportunistic infections and/or neoplasms
reason for AIDS-related malignancies
could be due to the decreased activity of NK cells which target tumor cells
kaposi’s sarcoma
a cancer of the blood vessels; characterized by purplish lesions on the skin
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
PCP is a life-threatening opportunistic infection; which virtually always affects the lungs, but other organs can be involved, including the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow; symptoms includes fever, a dry cough, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing
herpes simplex virus (HSV)
HSV can cause oral herpes (cold sores) or genital herpes which re relatively common infection but they can be much more frequent and severe in HIV-infected individuals
mycobacterium avid complex (MAC)
bacterial infection with mycobacterium avid can cause recurring fever, painful intestines, weight loss and anemia; almost half o those with late-stage HIV diseases are infected with MAC bacteria
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
a herpes-type virus that can cause eye disease and blindness; usually causes disease when the CD4+ count is very low
