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Biochem 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Glycolysis Stimulators

A

High glucose
Insulin
High AMP, ADP (low ATP)
High Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate

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2
Q

Glycolysis Inhibitors

A 
High ATP
Glucagon
High Pyruvate
High Lactate
High Alanine
High Citrate
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3
Q

Gluconeogenesis Stimulators

A

Glucagon
High Acetyl CoA
High Citrate

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4
Q

Gluconeogenesis Inhibitors

A

High Glucose
Insulin
High AMP, ADP
High Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate

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5
Q

Where is most glycogen stored?

A

Muscle - 10% of liver is glycogen and 2% of muscle is glycogen, but we have a lot more muscle

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6
Q

Where in the cell is glycogen?

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

What breaks the alpha 1-4 bond to release glucose residue?

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase

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8
Q

__________ - Glycogen production

__________ - Glycogen breakdown

A

Glycogenesis - Production

Glycogenolysis - Breakdown

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9
Q

Glycogen Phosphorylase coenzyme

A

Pyridoxal Phosphate (required)

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10
Q

Key regulatory enzyme of glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase

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11
Q

Key regulation site of GNG

A

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate

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12
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase will continue breaking alpha(1-4) bonds until…

A

it is 4 glucose residues away from a branch point

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13
Q

Removes the outer three glucose molecules in glycogenolysis

A

Glucosyl-(4:4)-transferase

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14
Q

removes the last glucose of the branch (glycogenolysis)

A

Amylo-alpha-(1,6)-glucosidase

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15
Q

Two forms of Glycogen Phosporylase

A 
a = R state = active
b = T state = inactive
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16
Q

What shifts glycogen phosphorylase from R to T state

A

glucose binding to active site

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17
Q

What shifts glycogen phosphorylase from T to R state

A

High concentration of AMP

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18
Q

Enzyme of an energy-producing pathway that is also allosterically stimulated by increased AMP

A

PFK

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19
Q

Epinephrine:
Released in response to _____ and ______.
Primarily in _______
Will affect the ______ to a lesser extent

A

Epinephrine:
Released in response to FEAR and EXERCISE.
Primarily in MUSCLE
Will affect the LIVER to a lesser extent

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20
Q

Glucagon:
Released in response to…
Associated with the liver - not msucle

A

Glucagon is released in response to LOW BLOOD SUGAR

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21
Q

Epinephrine and Glucagon both will stimulate…

Which will convert…

A

The cAMP Cascade

converts Glycogen Phosphorylase b to a

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22
Q

Calcium-binding protein subunit of Glycogen Phosphorylase Kinase

A

Calmodulin

23
Q

Calmodulin activates…

A

Glycogen breakdown

24
Q

Ca2+:
Liver -
Muscle -

A

Liver - Released due to “fight or flight” response

Muscle - Released my Sarcoplasmic Reticulum to trigger contraction

25
Q

Removes the phosphate group from Glycogen phosphorylase converting it back to and inactive form

A

Protein Phosphatase1 (PP1)

26
Q

Glucose is stored as GLYCOGEN in the brain.
Locations: (2)
More in gray or white matter?

A

Locations: Astrocytes and Embryonic Neurons

2x’s more in Gray matter than white.

27
Q

Glycogenolysis (glycogen degradation) Stimulators:

A 
Low Energy
 -High ADP or AMP
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Glucagon (liver)
 -Low glucose
Calcium
 -Muscle Contraction
 -Stress response
28
Q

Glycogen Synthesis (glycogenesis) Stimulators:

A

High Energy

High Glucose

29
Q

Using the cAMP cascade, phosphorylating and activating _______ _________ _______ with phosphorylate and activate glycogen phosphorylase

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase Kinase

not to be confused with coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate - required for glycogen phosphorylase

30
Q

Phosphoglucomutase (what does it do?)

A

converts G-1-P to G-6-P

31
Q

Glucose-6-Phosphatase (what does it do?)

A

Converts G-6-P to Glucose

32
Q

Glycogenesis:

Glucose –(hexokinase/glucokinase)–> G-6-P –(Phosphoglucomutase)–> G-1-P –( ? )–> ( ? )

A

–(UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase)–>

UDP Glucose + PPi (activated glucose + Pyrophosphate)

33
Q

Glycogenesis:

UDP-Glucose + PPi –( ? )–> ( ? )

A

–(Pyrophosphorylase–> Pi + Pi

34
Q

What catalyzes the formation of the primer for glycogenesis

A

Glycogenin

35
Q

Which formation can store more glycogen, branched or unbranched?
How is created and what is created?

A

branched

use glucosyl-(4:6)-transferase to create alpha(1-6) bond

36
Q

Key regulatory enzyme of glycogenesis

A

Glycogen Synthase

37
Q

Low glycogen levels is the most potent stimulator of what?

A

Glycogen Synthase in skeletal muscle

38
Q

which is insulin dependent, slow phase or rapid phase of glycogen synthesis after intense exercise?

A

Slow Phase - Insulin Dependent

Rapid Phase - Insulin Independent

39
Q

what are three glycogenolysis enzyme deficiency diseases.

A

von Gierke - Liver
McArdle - Muscle
Pompe - alpha-glucosidase or debranching enzyme deficiency (in organs)

40
Q

Key regulating enzyme of Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

41
Q

The key rate limiting step of PPP

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

42
Q

Key product of the oxidative phase of PPP

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH)

43
Q

Synthesis stimulators for PPP

A

Fatty Acid Synthesis
Cholesterol Synthesis
Nucleotide Synthesis

44
Q

Processes beside synthesis that stimulate PPP

A

Detoxification
Respiratory Bursts
Antioxidant Regeneration

45
Q

Process NADPH is used for in detoxification

A

P450 Monooxygenase System

aka: Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase System

46
Q

2 requirements to make toxins soluble in P450 Monooxygenase system

A

Electrons and Oxygen

47
Q

2 enzymes of respiratory bursts

A

Superoxide Dismutase

Myeloperoxidase

48
Q

3 locations of superoxide dismutase

A

Extracellular
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria

49
Q

Catalase (2H2O2 –catalase–> 2H2O + O2) is _____ dependent

A

Iron

50
Q

Most significant enzyme in quenching hydrogen peroxide

A

Glutathione Peroxidase

51
Q

Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) is _______ dependent

A

Selenium

52
Q

Tripeptide of glutathione

A

Glutamate-Cysteine-Glycine

53
Q

Enzyme of glutathione regeneration

A

Glutathione Reductase

Biochem 2 (1 decks)

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