Exam 2

Question 1

mastery monitoring

Answer 1

method of monitoring progress by tracking student completion of different tasks, that when completed, indicate achievement of the learning goal

Question 2

responsiveness to intervention

Answer 2

collecting data to determine the degree to which underachieving students profit from specific instruction targeting their needs

Question 3

range

Answer 3

distance between the lowest and highest scores attained on an assessment

Question 4

frequency distribution

Answer 4

display of the number of students who attained each score in order from lowest to highest

Question 5

grouped frequency distribution

Answer 5

display of the number of students who attained a score in each grouped interval

Question 6

frequency polygon

Answer 6

a line graph in which the frequencies for each score are plotted as points, and a line connects those points

Question 7

mean

Answer 7

measure of central tendency that is the average of all scores in a distribution

Question 8

mode

Answer 8

the score achieved by more students than any other

Question 9

median

Answer 9

measure of central tendency that is the exact midpoint of a set of scores

Question 10

disaggregation of scores

Answer 10

separating the scores of a large group of students into smaller, more meaningful groups to determine whether differences among these groups exist related to achievement

Question 11

error

Answer 11

the element of imprecision involved in any measurement

Question 12

reliability

Answer 12

the degree to which scores on an assessment are consistent and stable

Question 13

interrater reliability

Answer 13

the measure of the agreement between two raters/graders

Question 14

sufficiency of information

Answer 14

ensuring the collection of adequate data to make good decisions

Question 15

validity

Answer 15

the extent to which an assessment supports accurate, representative, and relevant inferences about student performance

Question 16

bias

Answer 16

indication or preference that interferes with impartiality

Question 17

unfair penalization

Answer 17

putting students who are not familiar with the content, examples, or language of an assessment at a disadvantage compared to those who are familiar with them

Question 18

microaggressions

Answer 18

brief, everyday remarks or behaviors that inadvertently send denigrating messages to the receiver

Question 19

stereotypical representation

Answer 19

depicting social groups in an oversimplified, clichéd manner in assessments

Question 20

contextual invisibility

Answer 20

the concept that certain groups, customs, or lifestyles are not represented or are underrepresented in curriculum and assessment materials

Question 21

historical distortion

Answer 21

presenting a single interpretation of an issue, perpetuating oversimplification of complex issues, or avoiding controversial topics

Question 22

selected-response items

Answer 22

test questions in which a student chooses an answer from those provided

Question 23

constructed-response items

Answer 23

test questions in which a student is given a prompt and writes their own answer

Question 24

conventional multiple choice

Answer 24

test questions with a stem (question or incomplete statement) and 3-5 options (one correct and the others distractors)

Question 25

alternate-choice items

Answer 25

test questions with two options for an answer

Question 26

complex multiple choice items

Answer 26

selected-response item with a stem followed by choices grouped into more than one set

Question 27

scoring guides

Answer 27

instruments that specify criteria for rating examinee responses

Question 28

performance criteria

Answer 28

the key elements of a performance specified in a scoring guide

Question 29

checklist

Answer 29

list of key elements of a task organized in a logical sequence allowing confirmation of each element

Question 30

analytic rubric

Answer 30

scoring guide that contains one or more performance criteria for evaluating a task and proficiency levels for each criterion

Question 31

holistic rubric

Answer 31

scoring guide that provides a single score representing overall quality across several criteria

Question 32

proficiency levels

Answer 32

the description of each level of quality of a performance criterion along a continuum in an analytic or holistic rubric

Question 33

performance assessments

Answer 33

assessments that require students to construct a response to a task or prompt or to otherwise demonstrate their achievement of a learning goal

Question 34

high-stakes assessments

Answer 34

tests used for making decisions with important consequences (ex: grade retention, placement in special education/gifted programs)—large-scale assessments

Question 35

criterion-referenced scoring

Answer 35

a scoring process in which the individual student’s score is compared to predefined criteria or mastery standards

Question 36

norm-referenced scoring

Answer 36

scoring process in which scores are given according to a pre-specified distribution

Question 37

achievement tests

Answer 37

instruments designed to measure how much students have learned in various academic content areas

Question 38

aptitude tests

Answer 38

instruments that estimate students’ potential or capacity for learning apart from what they have already achieved and with less reference to specific academic content

Question 39

standard error of measurement

Answer 39

an estimate indicating the average magnitude of error for a test

Question 40

confidence interval

Answer 40

the range of scores that a student would attain if the test were taken many times

Question 41

testing accommodations

Answer 41

exceptions to the strict standardization practices that allow students to demonstrate their learning without altering the basic meaning of the score

Question 42

standard deviation

Answer 42

average distance between the individual scores and the mean of the group score

Question 43

normal curve

Answer 43

the theoretically bell-shaped curve that characterizes most attributes and traits (most data in middle)

Question 44

percentile rank

Answer 44

score that indicates the percentage of students in the norm group at or below the same score

Question 45

percentile ranges/intervals

Answer 45

range of percentile scores that incorporates the standard error of measurement (useful for showing strengths/weaknesses)

Question 46

normal curve equivalent

Answer 46

scale ranging between 1 and 99.9 that has equal intervals (ex: 10s) between all of the scores on the continuum

Question 47

stanine

Answer 47

standardized score that indicates where a student’s score falls in relation to the norm group when the distribution of the scores is divided into nine equal parts

Question 48

grade or age equivalent scores

Answer 48

number representing the grade level or age at which the median student gets the same number or questions correct as your students

Question 49

achievement

Answer 49

accountability measure based on student scores on state tests, proficiency

Question 50

gap groups

Answer 50

distance of at-risk students from the goal of 100% proficiency

Question 51

growth

Answer 51

comparison of an individual student’s score from one year to the next

Question 52

college/career readiness

Answer 52

number of graduates meeting an indicator of readiness for college/career (performance on EXPLORE test)

Question 53

graduation rate

Answer 53

% of students graduating

Question 54

schools of distinction

Answer 54

highest performing schools/districts (95th percentile/higher)

Question 55

high-performing schools

Answer 55

schools with overall scores at the 90th percentile/higher

Question 56

high-progress schools

Answer 56

schools in top 10% of improvement, determined by difference in two most recent overall scores

Question 57

priority schools

Answer 57

low achieving schools (determined by KY law)

Question 58

focus schools

Answer 58

schools with low gap scores or low scores among individual student gap groups