Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Expected Utility Theory

Answer 1

States that the decision maker (DM) chooses between risky or uncertain prospects by comparing their expected utility values, i.e., the weighted sums obtained by adding the utility values of outcomes multiplied by their respective probabilities. WTF does this even mean.

Answer 2

an economic principle that states that individuals always make prudent and logical decisions. These decisions provide people with the greatest benefit or satisfaction — given the choices available — and are also in their highest self-interest.

Answer 3

Saw society as unnatural, and a social sense is therefore also not natural but artificial. In other words to define ‘human nature’ we have to think about what humans would have been like before society.

Answer 4

Believed that human beings naturally desire the power to live well and that they will never be satisfied with the power they have without acquiring more power. Believed that the basic nature of human beings was to be naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish.

Answer 5

Locke believed that human nature is characterised by reason and tolerance. Like Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature allowed men to be selfish.

Answer 6

Beccaria advocated swift punishment as the best form of deterrent to crime. His best known work was his treatise On Crimes and Punishments (1764), which condemned torture and the death penalty and was a pioneering study in the field of criminology. Beccaria identified a pressing need to reform the criminal justice system, citing the then-present system as barbaric and antiquated.

Answer 7

The deterrence of crime (through rational, enlightened administration of legal punishments) was the central purpose of criminal justice. Fundamentalist. Legal reform implementing a more rational and fair justice system, which would effectively deter people from choosing criminal acts, was the answer to the problem of crime.

Answer 8

1) People have free will. 2) People exhibit hedonism (they seek pleasure and avoid pain. 3) People have rationality (to anticipate the consequences of different actions and to calculate the most beneficial outcomes). Neoclassical is a slightly modified version. Now allows for individual differences in motivation. Prime focus is deterrence.

Answer 9

Social order is realized because people reach a general consensus (they agree on what is acceptable)

Answer 10

The costs aren't the same for everyone, but the penalties are fairly uniform.

Answer 11

The model makes unrealistic assumptions, particularly about the amount of information available and an individual's ability to processes this information when making decisions.

Answer 12

An individual's rationality is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make a decision.

Answer 13

Instrumental crime. (involves behavior that has a specific tangible goal, such as the acquisition of property. Predatory crimes, such as theft, burglary, and robbery are examples.)

Answer 14

It's impossible to assign a simple "true" or "false" to the deterrence doctrine.

Answer 15

The study of the social and behavioral consequences of the interaction between human beings and their environment.

Answer 16

A continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to his or her social position.

Answer 17

The inability of a community to organize effectively to prevent social problems from occurring, due to poverty, residential mobility, and racial/ethnic heterogeneity.

Answer 18

The measure of strengthening the security by increasing the required effort to commit crimes to or at an object

Answer 19

A model of city growth containing five zones, each growing gradually and invading the adjacent zone; zone I - central business district zone II - transitional zone zone III - working class area zone IV - residential zone zone V - commuter zone It was developed by Ernest W. Burgess between 1925 and 1929.

Answer 20

Academic theory proposed by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling in 1982 that used broken windows as a metaphor for disorder within neighbourhoods. Their theory links disorder and incivility within a community to subsequent occurrences of serious crime.

Answer 21

The notion that one's neighbor or peer has more than oneself, resulting in strain. This differs from ideas of "absolute deprivation" (where one is lacking wealth in an objective sense) in that one can, conceivably, be wealthy and still feel inadequate in comparison to his or her peers in terms of wealth.

Answer 22

States that we wouldn't normally commit crime. Rather, something externally imposed on us must push, prod, or compel us to commit crime.

Answer 23

1) Private, consisting of the density and strength of relationships between family and friends in an area. 2) Parochial, which refers to the relationships between residents and semiformal organizations like churches and schools. 3) Public, where residents have relationships with institutions outside the neighborhood, such as government. An organized community would be strong in all three areas. Informal neighborhood ties accounted for much of the effects of the three traditional indicators of disorganization.

Answer 24

Consisting of the density and strength of relationships between family and friends in an area.

Answer 25

Refers to the relationships between residents and semiformal organizations like churches and schools.

Answer 26

Where residents have relationships with institutions outside the neighborhood, such as government.

Answer 27

When residents are proactive in protecting interests of their community, leads to social cohesion and willingness to intervene.

Answer 28

Informal social networks within communities that enable community tasks to get done.

Answer 29

Reviewed as a leading rational choice perspective that is distinct from deterrence; Felson & Cohen; assumes offenders are motivated key concepts: crime triangle Has: logical consistency, wide scope, and parsimony Testability: CPTED, opportunity theory, situational crime prevention, designing out crime Empirical Validity: strong support Policy Implications: Practical - safe neighborhood, avoiding hot spots; Theoretical - neighborhood watch, curfews, time bars close, liquor store hours; TARGET HARDENING

Answer 30

Crime is relatively unaffected by social causes such as poverty, inequality and unemployment.

Answer 31

AKA Target Hardening. The name given by criminologists to crime prevention strategies that are aimed at reducing the criminal opportunities which arise from the routines of everyday life.

Answer 32

A state or a condition in society in which the norms are no longer effective in regulating behavior; is also the result of a disjunction between people's aspirations and their ability to achieve these goals.

Answer 33

1) Refers to the principles by which individuals or actors are related to one another in a society. 2) Aimed at restricting behaviors that directly threaten public health, safety welfare or well being.

Answer 34

Robert Agnew. Expands the sources of strain from one cause to three. Stated that it is unlikely that a single instance of strain would be a problem, but rather an accumulation of events fitting into the categories below. 1) The inability to achieve positively valued goals 2) The removal of, or threat to remove, positively valued stimuli 3) To present a threat to one with noxious or negatively valued stimuli

Answer 35

Proposed by Messner and Rosenfeld in 1994. ... In par- ticular, the higher crime rate is attributed to the cultural pressure exerted by economic goals and the “American dream,” coupled with weakened controls of noneconomic social institutions.

Answer 36

Social Disorganization Theory.

Answer 37

Chicago and concentric zones.

Answer 38

Anomie and forms of deviance as adaptions.

Answer 39

General Strain Theory

Answer 40

Socialization and social ties; integration and regulation; collective conscience; anomie/normlessness

Answer 41

Strand of criminological theory emphasizing the socialization processes involving level of definitions favorable to crime versus conventional definitions; reference group, subculture, and environment are important, additionally relevant factors; differential association is a fundamental assumption; Akers is one of the leading contemporary learning theories.

Answer 42

Through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior. Is the most talked about of the learning theories of deviance.

Answer 43

A cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture.

Answer 44

Theoretical series of methods by which those who commit illegitimate acts temporarily neutralize certain values within themselves which would normally prohibit them from carrying out such acts, such as morality, obligation to abide by the law, and so on.

Answer 45

1) Admit act is bad, but don't accept full responsibility. | 2) Deny act as wrong, but suggest act was appropriate. Accept full responsibility for actions.

Answer 46

Norms & Values upheld as ideal for all males.

Answer 47

Biological

Answer 48

Social, psychological, & cultural attributes of masculinity & femininity. Socially constructed.

Exam 2 Flashcards

(72 cards)