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NSC 242 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Family definition

A

2 or more individuals who are joined by marriage, birth or adoption and live together.

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2
Q

What does dynamic mean

A

Changing system can by influenced from outside or within

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3
Q

What are the roles of a family

A
  1. Caring, nurturing, educating children
  2. Maintaining the continuity of society by transmitting the family’s customs and values to children
  3. Receiving and giving love
  4. Preparing children to become productive members of society
  5. Meeting the needs of its members
  6. Serving as a buffer between its members and environmental/societal demands while advocating the interests and need of the individual family members
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4
Q

Family centered care

A

Philosophy in which a mutually beneficial partnership develops between families and the nurse or other health care providers

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5
Q

Promoting family centered care

A
  1. Family at the center
  2. Family professional collaboration and communication
  3. Cultural diversity of families
    4: coping differences and support
  4. Family centered peer support
  5. Specialized service and support systems
  6. Holistic perspective of family centered care
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6
Q

Nuclear family

A

Mom dad kids

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7
Q

Blended family

A

“Brady bunch” style

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8
Q

Extended family

A

Aunt, uncle, grandparents in house

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9
Q

Single-parent family

A

Just one parent present

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10
Q

Binuclear family

A

Mom and dad are split, kids rotate between both sets of parents, 4 parents total

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11
Q

Heterosexual cohabiting family

A

Not married

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12
Q

LGBT family

A

Same sex couple etc.

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13
Q

Parenting is what?

A

Leadership role

Includes parental warmth and parental control

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14
Q

Authoritarian parent

A

High control

Low warmth

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15
Q

Authoritative parenting

A

Moderately high control

High warmth

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16
Q

Permissive parenting

A

Low control

High warmth

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17
Q

Indifferent parenting

A

Low control

Low warmth

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18
Q

Family theories are good for what?

A
  1. Understanding family functioning
  2. Environment-family interchange
  3. Family changes over time
  4. Family response to health and illness
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19
Q

Family development theory stages

A

Stage 1: beginning family, newly married couples
Stage 2:childbearing family
Stage3: families with preschool children
Stage 4: families with school aged children
Stage 5: families with teenagers
Stage 6: families launching young adults
Stage 7: middle-aged parents
Stage 8: family in retirement and old age

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20
Q

Family systems theory?

A

Interaction between components of the system and between the system and the environment

Any change or stressor by one member of the family can cause the entire family disruption.

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21
Q

Family stress theory

A

Focuses on the family response to unexpected or unplanned events.

Routine stressors

Non routine stressors - positive stressors or unexpected stressors.

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22
Q

Family assessment?

A

Identify strategies for coping

Strengths :
Communication skills
Shared family values and beliefs
Intrafamily support 
Self-care abilities 
Problem-solving skills
Community linages
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23
Q

Family support services

A 
Head start and early head start
Before and after school programs
Play groups
Peer support groups
Social service programs
Home visits
Job skills training or adult education
Crisis care and respite care.
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24
Q

Nursing interventions

A
  1. Identify primary decision maker
  2. Discuss the family’s goals for managing care in the home setting
  3. Consider how the family’s strengths and previous experiences can be integrated into the intervention
  4. Consider family’s ethnic and religious background
  5. Offer the family one or more potential interventions instead of trying to force one intervention
  6. Identify what type of support or assistance the family would like to have.
  7. Identify potential community resources
  8. Provide the family with a care coordinator
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25
Q

Cultural considerations

A 
Family roles and organization
Communication
Time orientation
Nutrition
Health beliefs,approaches, and practices.
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26
Q

Genetics/genomics

A

Genome
Genetics
ANA scope and standards of practice.

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27
Q

Stages of development

A 
Infancy- birth to 12mo
Toddler- 1-3 yr
Preschool- 3-6 yr
School age- 6-12 yr
Adolescence- 12-18 yr
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28
Q

Principles of growth and development

A 
Development is orderly and sequential
Development is directional
Development is unique for each child
Development is interrelated 
Development becomes increasingly differentiated 
Development becomes increasingly integrated and complex 
Children are competent
New skills are predominate
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29
Q

Cephalocaudal growth

A

Growth is from head down

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30
Q

Proximodistal growth

A

Growth from the center of the body outwards

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31
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

Nature is genetic or hereditary capability of an individual

Nurture is the effects of the environment on a persons performance.

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32
Q

Freuds theory- infant

A

Oral phase- derives pleasure from the mouth with sucking and eating as primary desires.

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33
Q

Eriksons theory- infant

A

Trust vs mistrust- establish trust with care providers

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34
Q

Piagets theory- infant

A

Sensorimotor stage- infant learns from movement and sensory input

Cause and effect

Object permanence

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35
Q

Infant growth

A
  • birthweight doubles by 6 months
  • birth weight triples by 1 yr
  • length increases by about 50% by 1 yr
  • rapid head growth
  • teeth erupt at about 6 mo
  • posterior fontanel closes by 6-8 wks
  • anterior fontanel closes by 12-18 mo
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36
Q

Infant fine motor ability

A
  • birth to 1 mo- holds hands as fist
  • 2-4 mo - holds rattle when placed in hand
  • 4-6 mo- mouths objects
  • 6-8 mo- transfers object one hand to another
  • 8-10 mo- picks up small objects
  • 10-12 mo- holds crayon and makes marks on paper
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37
Q

Infant gross motor Ability

A
  • birth to one month- reflexes present and may briefly lift head in prone
  • 2-4 mo turns from side to back
  • 4-6 mo head remains steady while sitting
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38
Q

Infant communication

A

0-3months coos babbles cries
3-6months squeals and pleasure sounds
6-9months links syllables together
9-12months understands “no” and other simple commands, says mama and dada

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39
Q

Infant injuries

A 
Falls
Burns
Drowning
Poisoning
Choking
Suffocation
Strangulation
Motor vehicle crashes- rearfacing until 20lbs, 2yrs preferred
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40
Q

Toddler growth

A

Growth slows considerably

  • quadruple birth weight by age 2
  • age 2 is 1/2 of adult height
  • chest circumference begins to exceed the heads
  • pot belly appearance and wide stance
  • brain growth is 75% complete by age 2
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41
Q

Freud theory toddler

A

Anal stage- body control is prime force in behavior

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42
Q

Erickson theory toddler

A

Autonomy vs Shame and doubt

Increasing independence.

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43
Q

Piaget theory toddler

A

Sensorimotor stage (end)
Increasing curiosity and exploration
Improvement in language skills

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44
Q

Gross motor skills toddler

A 
12-13 mos walk alone using wide stance 
18mo try to run but falls easy
2yr walk up and down stairs 
2.5yr jump, tiptoes briefly, kick ball
3yr walk on tiptoes, climb stairs with alternate footing, overhand throws balls
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45
Q

Fine motor ability toddler

A

1-2 yr builds tower of blocks, scribbles on paper, can undress self, throws ball

2-3yr draws a circle and other forms, learns to pour, learning to dress self.

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46
Q

Language toddler

A
  • 300 words by age 2
  • Much greater ability to comprehend language
  • 1yr one word sentences 25% intelligible
  • 2yr 2-3 word sentences 65% intelligible
  • 3yr simple sentences (3-4 words) begins to master grammatical rules, acquires 5-6 new words daily
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47
Q

Injuries toddler

A

Injuries cause more deaths than any group except adolescence

Traumatic injury is leading cause of death

Movement plus no knowledge of dangers is bad mixture

Falls and burns
Drowning and poisoning

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48
Q

Preschooler growth

A

Physical growth slows and stabilizes

Physical proportions are now sturdy, graceful, agile, and posturally erect

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49
Q

Freud theory preschooler

A

Phallic stage- working out relationship with parents

Begins by identifying with parent of opposite sex but ends by identifying with parent of same sex

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50
Q

Erickson theory preschooler

A

Initiative vs guilt

Child likes to initiate play

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51
Q

Piaget theory preschooler

A

Preoperational stage- increasingly verbal limitations in thought process

Often confused

Transductive reasoning

Centration

Magical thinking

Animism

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52
Q

Fine motor ability preschooler

A 
Uses scissors
Draws shapes and 6 part person
Learns to tie shoes and button clothing 
Brushes own teeth
Use spoon fork knife
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53
Q

Language preschooler

A

More than 2100 words by age 5

Age 3-4 sentences of 3-4 words, ask many questions, give and follow simple commands

Age 4-5 sentence of 4-5 words, can answer questions, repeat questions until given answer

Age 6- can define simple objects and actions, can give opposites

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54
Q

Growth school age

A

First growth spurt

Body organs and immune system mature

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55
Q

Freud theory school age

A

Latency stage- privacy and understanding their body

56
Q

Erickson theory school age

A

Industry vs inferiority
Development of new interests and activities
Begins to take pride in accomplishment

57
Q

Piaget theory school age

A

Concrete operational stage
Concept of conservation
Better understanding of cause and effect

58
Q

Gross motor ability school age

A

Rides two wheeler
Jumps rope
Roller or ice skates

59
Q

Fine Motor ability school age

A

Craft projects

Board games

60
Q

Play school age

A

Cooperative play, rules, other skills like dance karate music reading games. Etc

61
Q

Language school age

A

Being to use more complex grammatical forms

Narrative skills improve

Begins to understand play on words, sounds,double meanings, metaphors and figurative statements

62
Q

Growth adolescents

A

Period of transition between childhood and adulthood

Sexual maturity
Sophisticated reasoning abilities
Make educational/occupational decisions

63
Q

Freud theory adolescents

A

Genital stage- focus on genital function and relationships

64
Q

Erikson theory adolescents

A

Identity vs role confusion
Self identify leads to independence from parents
Begins relying on peers

65
Q

Piaget theory adolescents

A

Formal operations stage

Capable of mature abstract thought

66
Q

Injury adolescents

A

Injury is leading cause.

Motor vehicle
Homicide and suicide
Sporting Injury
Substance abuse

67
Q

Young adulthood

A

25-45 yrs of age

Time of stabilization

68
Q

Young adulthood developmental tasks

A
  • choose vocation
  • get appropriate education
  • establish residence
  • formulate ideas about selection of mate or relationship
69
Q

Generation X

A

Born in 1965-1980
Well educated
Concerned about family life and divorce rates, wants jobs to accommodate
Perceived by elders as uncommitted and indecisive

70
Q

Cognitive development young adults

A

Time for achievement
Learning continues
Brain continues to change in structure and complexity
Brain development permits more integrated modes of social response and stable intellectual functions

71
Q

Erikson theory young adult

A

Intimacy vs isolation
More objective, realistic, and less egocentric
Creative thought-reality considered only a part of all that is possible.

72
Q

Emotional health young adults

A 
Stress and depression
Suicide is 5th leading cause of death 
Alcoholism 
Drug abuse
Eating disorders 
Smoking
73
Q

Domestic violence

A

Deliberate violence resulting in severe injury more than 3 times. Establishing control through fear and intimidation

1 woman every 15 seconds in USA

Called IPV intimate partner violence

74
Q

Causes of family violence

A 
Financial pressures
Family separation
Loss of Friends and social support. 
Isolation and communication barriers 
Cultural differences 
Lack of family support
Living abroad
Inability to separate work and home
Lack of privacy
Job pressures
75
Q

Divorce

A

If marriage occurs before sense of identity: intimacy cannot evolve

Most divorces occur during first 3-5 yrs of marriage and involve people less than 29 yrs old.

Median length of first marriage is 7yrs

Frequently married at young age

Less education, money, and personal resources.

1/4 children live with single parent.

76
Q

Middle age person

A
  • 45-65 or 70 yrs old
  • 76 million Americans born between 1946 and 1964
  • middle aged earn most of the money, pay most of the bills and taxes, and make many of the decisions
  • leads to power in government, politics, education, religion, science, business, industry
77
Q

Middle aged relationship with children

A

Generation gap

Blurring of generation lines

Cultural emphasis on youth, beauty vs more traditional society

More informal society

Social mobility- child moves away from social position, education level, class, occupational ethnicity

Young adults may return home.

78
Q

Relationship with spouse middle aged

A

Married couples have generally more money saved and less debt than other groups

Empty nest- transition in behavior but no crisis in negative sense.

79
Q

When middle age loses spouse

A

Lose partner, lover, caretaker, and companion

Lose audience for conversation

Lose handyman, helper, accountant, and cook

Financial problems

Reduced income may lead to change in residence or lifestyle

Return to work force

Give up things previously taken for granted

Changes in social role

Effects on physical health

Depression

80
Q

Developmental tasks of family middle aged

A

Maintain pleasant and comfortable home

Assure financial and emotional security for later life

Share household and other responsibilities

Maintain intimacy

Maintain contact with grown children and families

81
Q

Cognitive development middle aged

A

Gradual lifetime neuron loss does not effect cognitive functions

Research- IQ scores increased in all 4 areas.

Physical fitness in men = higher IQ

Creativity increases.

82
Q

Emotional development middle aged

A

Transitional period

Time is finite

Serve as mentors, coaches, tutors, Role models and sponsors

83
Q

Midlife crisis

A

Major Turning point. Changes in commitments to career, spouse, children, significant emotional turmoil.

84
Q

What is maturity

A 
Deal constructively with reality
Adapt to change
Little tension or anxiety
Gives rather than receives
Relates to others with mutual satisfaction 
Directs hostile energy into creativity
Ability to love
Use intuition to comprehend life events and formulates answers.
85
Q

Later adulthood

A 
Age span is continually changing
Ego integrity vs despair
Outcome=wisdom
Influenced by evaluation of previous life 
Enriched perspective of life and death
Accepts self

Fastest growing segment of U.S. population.

2030 they will be 25% of population

86
Q

Biological age

A

Present position compared to potential life span. What shape your body and organs are in

87
Q

Social age

A

Roles and habits compared to other members of society

Act your age

88
Q

Psychological age

A

Behavioral capacity to adapt to environment

89
Q

Cognitive age

A

Age person feels and looks to self

As old as you feel

90
Q

Senescence

A

Mental and physical decline associated with aging

91
Q

Elder abuse and neglect

A

2million people annually

Typical victim is Caucasian female over 70 with moderate to severe physical or mental impairments.

92
Q

Causes of elder abuse

A 
Dependent or disabled
Economic stress
Caregiver exhausted
Adult offspring mental Ill or substance abuser. 
Pattern of violence in family past
Man previously abusive to co workers now abuses wife
Elder abandoned by children
Victim does not report abuse.
93
Q

Types of elder abuse

A

Physical- neglect of physical care
Psychological- verbal, name calling, threats
Financial- confiscation of income, force turn over of checks and trusts
Social- forced isolation from family, friends, constant provider switching, refusal of assistance

94
Q

Memory strategies older adult

A

Selective encoding- creatively trying to find meaning, underline, outline, summarize main points.

Elaboration- metaphors,analogy, paraphrase in own words

Organization- understand how information is organized. Related items cue memory

External representation- take notes, outline, make charts, diagrams, graphs

Monitoring-test self, check where errors make, correct errors

95
Q

Grief

A

Emotional suffering caused by bereavement

96
Q

Mourning

A

Process for resolution of grief

97
Q

Bereavement

A

Subjective response to loss of a significant other.

98
Q

Uniform determination of death act

A

Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions, or irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain, including the brain stem.

99
Q

Brain death

A

Underlying cause of brain injury must be known and irreversible.

Patient can not be suffering from hypothermia or receiving CNS depressants

Must manifest cerebral unresponsiveness and no reflexes.

Apnea testing must not produce spontaneous respiration

100
Q

Euthanasia

A

Act or practice of painlessly putting to death persons suffering from incurable or distressing diseases.

101
Q

Palliative care

A

Opportunity for nurse to respond genuinely, as authentic care giver

Healing of body, mind and spirit can occur if patient is dying.

102
Q

Hospice care

A

Help client accept and cope with dying process

Foster communication between client and family.

Enhance clients autonomy, relieve physical pain and other symptoms

Work with psychological aspects of late stage cancer or other disease.

103
Q

Awareness of death

A

Closed awareness-dying but doesn’t know it

Suspicious awareness-has not been told, but recognizes physical and other cues

Mutual pretense-everyone knows but pretends otherwise

Open awareness- all aware and makes plans for dying, death, business etc

104
Q

5 stages of death

A

Denial and isolation

Anger

Bargaining

Depression

Preparatory depression

Acceptance.

105
Q

Caregivers of older adults

A

Usually wife or female child

Sons tend to provide less direct care and become less involved

Elderly person caring for disabled or ill spouse is a hidden victim. At risk for physical or emotional stress

Support groups.

106
Q

Poly-pharmacy

A

Taking excess and unneeded combination of drugs

107
Q

Successful aging

A 
High degree of life satisfaction. 
Life was rewarding. 
Few regrets. 
Positive attitude. 
Good health habits.
108
Q

Extended care

A

Less custodial, more homelike, holistic, community focused.

109
Q

Assisted living

A

Alternative to medical model of institutionalization

110
Q

Translocation syndrome

A

Physical and emotional deterioration as result of changes or movement.

111
Q

Visually impaired communication

A

Identify self each time
Tell when leaving.
Maximize lighting
Don’t move belongings without asking

112
Q

Hearing impaired communication

A 
Be at individuals level 
Speak moderate speed
Clearly
Use short sentences
Don't shout.
113
Q

Aspects of grief

A

Prompted by loss. Need not only involve death. Can be a loss of health

Normal and expected process

Self healing and under normal conditions will resolve.

114
Q

Developmental concepts of death

A

Younger than five think death is reversible.

5-9 final, irreversible and universal, death may be personal, angel, monster etc.

After 9 inevitable will happen one day to self. End of life

Adolescents have a low tolerance for accepting death. Views self as invincible. May not cry at loss of loved one.

115
Q

Delayed grief response

A

No anticipatory grief or expression of grief at death

116
Q

Complicated grief response

A

Unresolved issues with past. Withdraw and intense grief.

117
Q

Dysfunctional grief response

A

Death complicated by uncertain sudden events, or less socially appeared or negative events.

118
Q

Pathologic grief response

A

Grief to point of being overwhelmed with prolonged and maladaptive behavior.

119
Q

Normal physical responses to grief

A 
Stomach hollowness
Chest, throats pain, tightness, breathlessness
Dry mouth
Sweating
Shakiness
Headache
Lack of energy 
Weakness
Overly sensitive to noise. 
Depersonalization
Same physical symptoms of deceased.
120
Q

Behaviors of grief

A 
Sleep and appetite disturbances
Crying and sighing
Absent nudes
Searching or expecting the deceased
Social withdraw
Increase or decrease in activity
Increase in illness or accidents. 
Change in work performance
Yelling
Increases alcohol, nicotine or drug use
Sloppy dressing and poor hygiene
Activities regarding the deceased
121
Q

Growth

A

Quantitative

122
Q

Development

A

Qualitative

123
Q

Factors influencing growth and development

A

Genetics
Environment
Culture
Ethnicity

124
Q

Gesell theory

A

Biophysical

125
Q

Piaget theory

A

Cognitive

126
Q

Erikson theory

A

Psychosocial

127
Q

Bowlby attachment theory

A

Stranger anxiety in Children

Children bond with care takers

128
Q

Development

A

Qualitative

129
Q

Factors influencing growth and development

A

Genetics
Environment
Culture
Ethnicity

130
Q

Gesell theory

A

Biophysical

131
Q

Erikson theory

A

Psychosocial

132
Q

Piaget theory

A

Cognitive

133
Q

Bowlby attachment theory

A

Stranger anxiety in Children

Children bond with care takers

134
Q

Erikson theory middle age

A

Generativity vs self absorption

135
Q

Erikson theory old age

A

Integrity vs despair

136
Q

Health promotion and anticipatory guidance

A

Infants : safety. SIDS, tobacco smoke, infection

Toddlers : mobility. Falls, burns, drowning, choking, poisoning, Motor vehicle crash

Preschoolers : booster seat at 40 inches, pedestrian rules.

School age : sports safety, Swim safety, gun safety

Adolescents : accidents, injury, suicide, driving

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