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Planet Earth > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Deformation of Rocks

A

part of the task of assessing the geologic history of an area is recording and describing how rocks should have been deformed

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2
Q

fault

A

weird lines

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3
Q

fold

A

squiggly lines

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4
Q

formation

A

a lithologic unit differing from over and underlying units and is mappable

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5
Q

a map

A

representation of earth’s surface

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6
Q

bar scale

A

indicated by a line or bar with distances marked in miles, feet, or kilometers

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7
Q

ratio 1:24000

A

one unit on the map is equal to 24,000 units of the same size on the ground

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8
Q

contour lines

A

elevation is indicated by contour lines

it is also a line on a map connecting points of equal elevation

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9
Q

contour interval

A

the elevation difference from one line to another

usually printed on the topographic map

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10
Q

strike

A

bearing of a line defined by the intersection of a bedding plane and the horizontal

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11
Q

dip

A

acute angle between bedding plane and the horizontal, measured perpendicular to strike

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12
Q

compression

A

a force that squeezes together or shortens a rock

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13
Q

stress

A

a force acting on a rock

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14
Q

tension

A

a force that stretches a body and tends to pull it apart

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15
Q

shear

A

force that pushes two sides of a body in opposite directions

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16
Q

plate boundary at which tension dominates

A

divergent -> mid ocean ridge

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17
Q

plate boundary at which compression dominate

A

convergent -> subduction zone

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18
Q

strain

A

any change in the original shape or size of an object in response to stress acting on the object

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19
Q

elastic deformation

A

a change in shape of an object under stress that disappears when the stress is removed.

rocks are elastic

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20
Q

brittle deformation

A
  • cracking and fracturing of an object under stress
  • perm damage
  • usually occurs along subplanar surfaces that separate zones of coherent material
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21
Q

plastic deformation

A
  • smooth continuous plastic deformation under increasing force
  • occurs by the slippage of atoms or small groups of atoms past each other in the deforming material
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22
Q

factors that affect deformation

A

temperate
pressure
strain rate
rock type

the variation of these factors determines whether it will be a fault or fold

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23
Q

brittle deformation, where?

A

occurs at shallow depths where it is cold and low confining pressure

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24
Q

plastic deformation, where?

A

occurs at greater depths where the it is warm and high confining pressure

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25
Q

fold

A

a bend in rocks

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26
Q

limb

A

refers to the two sides of a fold

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27
Q

hinge line

A

a line drawn down the points of a max curvature of each layer

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28
Q

axial plane

A

imaginary plane that connects the hinge lines

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29
Q

anticline

A

a fold of rocks where the beds dip away from the center

oldest rocks are exposed in the center

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30
Q

syncline

A

a fold of rocks where the beds dip toward the center

youngest corns are exposed in the middle

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31
Q

plunge

A

single line is not parallel to the ground

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32
Q

dome

A

oldest formation exposed on the surface…center

33
Q

basin

A

oldest formation exposed on the surface….not near center

34
Q

joint

A

a break in rock with no movement

35
Q

dip-slip fault (normal)

A

motion of the fault blocks, parallel to the dip direction

extension

36
Q

normal faults will mostly occur at

A

divergent

37
Q

dip-slip fault (reverse)

A

shortening

38
Q

reverse faults most likely to be found at

A

convergent

39
Q

thrust fault

A

low angle reverse fault

40
Q

strike-slip faults

A

motion of the fault blocks, parallel to the strike direction

41
Q

convergent boundary fault

A

thrust

42
Q

folds are an example:

A

compression stress leading to plastic deformation

43
Q

brittle force

A

faulting all the way

44
Q

shield volcano

A

low viscosity lava flows
low silica magma - basalt
gently sloping flanks - 2 and 10 degrees

tend to be very large

45
Q

cinder cone

A

300 meters

steep -> 30 degrees

small

short duration of activity

formed of pyroclastic

46
Q

composite volcano

A

alternating pyroclastic and lava layers

slopes intermediate in steepness

intermitten eruptions over long time

mostly andesite

ring of fire and mediterranean belt

47
Q

lahar

A

a mixture of water and pyroclastic material in concrete-like slurry capable of moving up to 100km/hr

48
Q

pyroclastic flow (Nuee Ardente)

A

Mixture of hot gases, ash, and rocks forming a super-heated and dense current capable of moving 150 km/hr.

49
Q

“great” earthquakes

A

most great earthquakes are subduction mega-thrust events

50
Q

plate-tectonic earthquake activity

A

convergent, divergent, and transform

51
Q

earthquake

A

vibration caused by the sudden breaking of rocks

produced by the rapid release of energy along a fault

52
Q

seismic wave

A

intense vibrations that travel outward form the spot where the rock breaks

radiate from the focus of an earthquake

53
Q

focus

A

point at which slip initiates, can be as deep as 700km

54
Q

epicenter

A

point on surface above the focus

55
Q

fault slip

A

the distance of the displacement or offset of the fault

56
Q

elastic rebound theory

A

tectonic forces slowly deform rocks until the forces holding the rocks together are overcome and the stored energy is violently released

57
Q

fault slip

A

the distance of the displacement or offset of the fault

58
Q

foreshock

A

smaller earthquakes that precede a major earthquake

59
Q

aftershock

A

smaller earthquakes that follow a major earthquake

60
Q

largest aftershock

A

tends to be about 10 times smaller than the main shock

61
Q

two kings of waves from earthquakes

A

surface waves

body waves

62
Q

surface waves

A

travel along the earths surfave

63
Q

body waves

A

travel through earths interior

64
Q

two kinds of body waves

A

p wave

s wave

65
Q

p wave

A

primary or compressional waves

fastest waves travel at 6 km/s

change in volume

travel through solid and liquid

66
Q

s wave

A

shear or secondary waves

resemble waves in a rope

2nd fastest wave

travel at 3.5 km/s

change in shape

do not travel through liquid

67
Q

great amplitude and cause the most damage

A

surface wave…very slow

68
Q

how to measure size of an earthquake

A

damage caused, size of the seismic wave, area of the fault that ruptured.

69
Q

modified mercalli intensity scale

A

intensity scale measure the effects of an earthquake at a particular location

70
Q

magnitude scale

A

based on the amount of energy released

71
Q

richter scale

A

measure of the log of the amplitude the largest s-wave received at 100 km

72
Q

richter scale is logarithimic

A

increase 1 unit = 10 times greater shaking

73
Q

not felt by people

A

earthwuakes less than m = 2

74
Q

largest quake ever

A

around 9….rocks not strong enough for more stress

75
Q

moment magnitude

A

based on the amount of energy released

76
Q

small earthquake

A

rupture small areas so amplitude of short period signals good measure of seismic source

77
Q

large earthquake

A

rupture large areas so longest wavelengths good measure of seismic source

78
Q

m

A

shear modulus * rupture area * slip offset

79
Q

new madrid

A

accounts for 5% of earthquake energy every year

does not fit into place tectonic theory

due to reactivation of old fault

Planet Earth (3 decks)

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