Exam 2

Question 1

Nation State

Answer 1

Where people share a bounded territory and are united by a common culture, language or traditions

Question 2

Problems with Nation State

Answer 2

Need people to believe in it (have symbols, traditions, education systems)
Culture and language is shared beyond physical boundaries
And nation states are mixed race, religion, language

Question 3

Goals to form Nation State

Answer 3

Defines a certain area, created us and them

Unify people within those boundaries

Question 4

4 tools of Nation State

Answer 4

Mapping
Defining “other”
Education
Mythical homeland/history

Question 5

Problems from colonies nation states

Answer 5

Arbitrary borders diving ethnic groups creating minorities and conflict
Unequal state representation
On-going ethnic and religious conflicts after colonial independence
Africa (tribes ruled by those they don’t agree with, identify more with tribe than nation state)
Thailand (standardizing language, religion so outsiders must conform to one identity)

Question 6

SAP (Structural Readjustment Program)

Answer 6

Loans to LIC’s were so huge and debt grew
To fix the debt WB/IMF gave a set of guidelines on economic practices so countries could payback debt
Most practices were not in best interest of LIC
-Opening trade barriers, allowed for FTZ’s where MNC’s could take advantage of cheap labor without paying countries taxes
-Encourages comparative advantages countries export what they’re best at (Mexico=flowers) this destroys national food security
-Stipulations on cutting social programs which harm locals

Question 7

SAP & Nation State

Answer 7

Goes against the belief of nation states to regulate and control within their own borders, due to financial issues the nation state is forced to listen to foreign organizations

Question 8

Life & Debt

Answer 8

SAP brought in the Hanes factory, paid no taxes to Jamaica, gave workers low wages
SAP stopped social programs, brought in subsidiesed food putting local industry out of business
Banana Trade was their economy had a market with Europe/UK that guaranteed fair grown bananas make a profit. US companies didn’t like it involved WTO to say this “monopoly” was against free trade. Now Jamaica bananas can’t compete with US unfair trade/labor bananas

Question 9

Malthusian population theory

Answer 9

People like to eat
People like to have sex
Abstinence is the way to solve overpopulation
Only have kids when you can support them

Question 10

Demographic Transition theory

Answer 10

Follow the European population curve, most common with LIC’s
The process of a country going from rapid population growth to more stable
High death rates canceled out by better sanitation, medicine (western/ modern technologies)
As people live longer there’s less need to reproduce as much
There are 4 stages Low, High, Moderate, Low population growth

Question 11

Wealth Flows theory (Kingsly Davis)

Answer 11

Large families can be rational in places of the world where kids are not a net financial benefit to the family
Small families are rational when kids are a net financial loss (USA kids are expensive)

Question 12

Neo-Malthusia theory (Ehrlic’s)

Answer 12

Most concerned with environmental degradation from overpopulation and consumption
Impact= Population x Affluence x Technology
About overconsumption

Question 13

Carrying Capacity

Answer 13

The number of organisms a given environment can support

Argue it can’t be used for humans because we are constantly adapting/changing behavior

Question 14

Eugenics

Answer 14

The improvement of the human race by better breeding

Began with animals and at state fairs in the US turned into perfect baby and fitter family contests

Question 15

History of Eugenics

Answer 15

Nazi Germany used racial typing to measure facial structure of Jews, Gypsys, Disabled
Immigration laws where dictated to keep certain people out quota of immigrants from certain countries
Racial hygiene, sterilization of certain groups in the US

Question 16

Hunting Gathering

Answer 16

Done for thousands of years people lived off the land gathering the natural vegetation and hunting small game to surivive

Question 17

Swidden Agriculture

Answer 17

Slash and Burn areas are cleared and the brush is burned to provide nutrients for the soil where crops are then planted for 3 years before moving to the next field

Question 18

Green Revolution

Answer 18

Designed to decrease work effort and increase yields, through machinery, chemicals, fertilizers etc. Ended up increasing overall time and energy expended to grow crops than simple hand farming.

Question 19

Food in the Capitalist Economy

Answer 19

Became a commodity, less people farming providing their own food caused them to rely on stores and other farmers. This means you can profit off food, charging so people are well fed

Question 20

Issues with Green Revolution

Answer 20

Standardizing food production and speeding up the process to grow crops/animals. Created more food but also leads to regional disparities, crop imbalances, markets that put people out of work
Uses a lot of petroleum which is an unsustainable practice

Question 21

Hunger & Poverty in World

Answer 21

It is maldistribution that causes world hunger not an actual lack in food for everyone
The type of diet also affects the amount of food available to all people

Question 22

Income/Consumption poverty measure

Answer 22

Measures the number of people living below a certain income level
Decided by UN ($1.90/day)
Is a strictly monetary way to measure poverty comes from Orshansky food basket

Question 23

Capabilities Approach

Answer 23

Sen believes there are certain things one needed for every individual to reach their potential
Capabilities must be met for a person to not be in poverty
There are 10 indicators, by which 1.5 Billion people are in poverty

Question 24

Social Exclusion

Answer 24

Indicates poverty when for reasons beyond a persons control they cannot participate in normal activities and promote affirmative action
Believe the solution is through law and policy

Question 25

USA measures of poverty

Answer 25

The US does not measure poverty effectively because they use a solely financial measure rather than looking at quality of life

Question 26

Multidimensional Poverty Index

Answer 26

Looks at years of school
Child- enrollment 1-8
Child mortality
Nutrition (malnutrition)
Electricity
Sanitation
Drinking Water in home
Materials of house (dirt floor no good)
Cooking tech (wood, electric, gas stove)
Assets (motorcycle, radio, TV)

Question 27

Neo-Liberalism Poverty Solution

Answer 27

Free-trade, trickle down, rising tide raises all boats
Believe that freeing the markets will promote business and help the poor
This has yet to really work in our country

Question 28

Mehrortra & Delmonica Poverty Solution

Answer 28

Is a multidimensional approach that focuses on poor over non-poor
Such as non-poor policies, pro-poor economics, expenditures for social services, an agenda

Question 29

Formal v. Informal sector

Answer 29

Official well known, legal rather than under the table not taxed, illegal (seen in Japan with human trafficking of Thai women)

Question 30

Global Income inequality

Answer 30

Migration for better wages
Wage gaps between MIC’s & LIC’s
Worker exploitation abroad

Question 31

Food Supply adequacy of addressing hunger

Answer 31

not evenly distributed

Question 32

How oligopoly in food stocks and grains relates to global hunger

Answer 32

A globalized market affects individual’s abilities to regulate local food prices especially when food is controlled by a few major MNC’s. A few large companies can control food stock for whole world (70% worlds grain by 6 companies)

Question 33

How the move to SAPs and increasing food exports in LICs relates to hunger

Answer 33

SAP’s encourages Comparative Advantage means grow/ export what you’re best at ie. Jamaica rely on tourism, spice growing. Mexico grow flowers more than necessary foods. Countries produce for export market rather than for own food security.

Question 34

Social construction of sugar consumption in US

Answer 34

Humans don’t need sugar however a taste has been developed, and the need for fast food and other junk that plays into corporate profits.

Question 35

Social construction of meat (beef) consumption in the US

Answer 35

A growing trend that began in the US as part of the goods and services we consume that are imbedded in our culture, the societal norms of meat consumption, relates to the institutions and norms of Americans. A social, economic and technological shift in US led beef to be huge in US culture (consume 28% of worlds but only produce 9%)

Question 36

Climate change and its impacts and how they might relate to food, hunger, and population

Answer 36

Deforestation for grain and cattle, huge water consumption for these things. Increased cattle add to climate change, methane, deforestation, desertification, harsh runoff from feed lots, and excessive water usage

Question 37

3 main goals of the US Peace Corps

Answer 37

The mission is to promote peace and friendship through 3 goals.To help people of interested countries in meeting their need for trained men and women. To help promote better understanding of Americans on the part of the people served. To help promote better understanding of other peoples on the part of Americans

Question 38

Main food and income sources in Terri Nichols’ Peace Corps village in Zambia, Main causes of food insecurity in her village. Challenges faced in Terri Nichols’ village in Zambia and recommendations to deal with them

Answer 38

Caterpillars where a special delicacy, grew lots of maize but cassava root is more drought resistant and easier to grow, and beans were easy to grow.
Poor areas of storage caused food to spoil, lack of diverse crops, selling crops but not being paid immediately
Linking Income, Food, Environment (LIFE) for people of her village. Have ways of doing things that work there even if seem odd to foreigners. Deforestation, slash and burning

Question 39

Why are agricultural subsidies problematic?

Answer 39

U.S. over produces, keeping prices low driving out competition
Benefits only large farmers, causes large investment, loss of livelihood and increased poverty for small farmers
Weakens long term food security
Basically corporate welfare for certain farmers and corporations
Government subsidies give farmers guaranteed money no matter what they grow, it keeps cost of crops low and encourages farmers to over produce so goods from other parts of the globe can’t be sold fairly. Goes against free trade beliefs when US/EU don’t want other countries to give subsidies but do it for own farmers.
Benefits large farms and corporations, essentially keeps other countries/farmers poor when they are trying to sell their crops.
Hand picking cotton farmers in Faso can’t compete with combines in USA, the cotton becomes so cheap that market for Faso farmers to sell cotton rips them off. Can’t afford to send kids to school when trying to just get by.

Question 40

Dumping: what is it, why is it problematic?

Answer 40

Is selling goods below cost of production which is only possible because of subsidies this is what puts all other farmers out of business, if country can’t give subsidies to have cheap selling goods then the farmers suffer. When cheap goods flood a countries market it destroys local businesses.

Question 41

Cairns Group

Answer 41

Cairns Group (New Zealand & Australia) say subsidies and dumping practices should be stopped because flooding other economies with your (US/EU) own cheap goods is bad. US/EU says doing that they need to cause of free trade although subsidies basically goes against it.