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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Virus Transmission

A 
Direct
Indirect
Common vehicle transmission (fecal contamination of water/food; virus contamination of meat)
Airborne
Vector (arthropod)
Zoonotic
Vertical
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2
Q

Impact of virus replication on host

A
  1. Cell Death
  2. No change
  3. Malignancy
  4. Fusion of cells (agglutination)
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3
Q

What is the first line of indication of a virus?

A

Clinical Signs

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4
Q

What are the types of detection of virus infection?

A
  1. Clinical Signs
  2. Necropsy
  3. Histopathology
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5
Q

Define Pleomorphism

A

The ability of a virus to change shape and size

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6
Q

What are the 6 steps of virus Replication?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Synthesis of virus nucleic acid/ genome
  5. Assembly and maturation
  6. Release in large numbers
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7
Q

A capsid is made up of many ___________, held together by _________________

A

Capsomeres, non-covalent bonds

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8
Q

All viruses are considered _________________

A

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

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9
Q

What are 3 types of treatments for viruses?

A
  1. Antiviral drugs
  2. Immune System Stimulation - interferons (proteins w/antiviral effects and modulate function of immune system)
  3. Synthesize Ab’s or administration of natural antiserum (Ab’s)
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10
Q

What are the types of Serology detection/diagnosis of viruses?

A

ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbant assay)
Fluorescent Ab stain
Immunohistochemical stain

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11
Q

What are the 5 methods of prevention and control?

A
  1. Vaccination
  2. Proper hygiene and sanitation
  3. Elimination of arthropod vectors - biological and chemical control
  4. Quarantine
  5. Culling (killing) - burn or bury
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12
Q

What are the broad routes of entry of a virus INTO a host?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous-membrane
  3. GI Tract
  4. Respiratory Tract
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13
Q

How can a virus enter a host through the skin?

A 
A. From a cut/breach in the skin
B. Transcutaneous Injection via:
           Bite of Arthropod 
           Bite of Infected Animal
           Contaminated Objects (i.e. Needles)
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14
Q

How can a virus enter a host via a Mucous Membrane?

A

Through the : Conjunctiva (eye)
Oropharynx (mouth)
Genitourinary Tract/ Rectum

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15
Q

Define Viremia and the two types of viremia

A

Viremia - the presence of virus in blood
Primary - spread virus from subepithelial tissue/lymphatics
Secondary - directly injected in blood, through mosquito bite/syringes

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16
Q

Define Nuerotropic Virus

A
  • Infects neural cells - caused by neural or hematogenus spread
  • virus has an affinity for CVS
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17
Q

Define a Neuroinvasive Virus

A

Virus enters CVS after infection at peripheral sites

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18
Q

Define Neurovirulent Virus

A

Severe damage to the CVS

-virus causes disease to nervous tissue, leads to neurological symptoms and often death

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19
Q

What cell type to viruses use to cross the Blood Brain Barrier

A

Monocytes

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20
Q

What is the term for the specificity/affinity of a virus for a particular host tissue?

A

Tropism

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21
Q

What type of virus can replicate in more than 1 host tissue/organ

A

Pantropic Virus

22
Q

What are the 5 outcomes of viral injury?

A
  1. Cell Lysis
  2. Apoptosis - of host cell as last resort defense mechanism
  3. Oncoviruses
  4. Persistent Infection - virus remains dormant for long period of time
  5. Immunosupression - infect/destroy immune system specific cells
23
Q

An Ulcer is an opening in the skin from the sloughing of necrotic tissue past the epidermis: True or False?

24
Q

A Nodule is a benign skin growth at the top layer of skin: True or False

A

FALSE: a nodule is a solid tumorous mass deep in the dermis

A wart is a benign growth on the top layer of the skin

25
What is the complement pathway activated by?
C1 binding to C-reactive protein on the pathogen surface | Allows C4 to attach and cleave into C4b and C4a parts
26
What is the C3 convertase and C5 convertase factors of the alternative pathway?
C3: C3b-Bb C5: C3b-Bb-C3b
27
Which has the shorter lag phase, greater magnitude, and class-switched IgG, and IgG having been exposed for a long period of time? Primary or Secondary Humoral Immune Response?
Secondary Humoral Immune response | -in Primary: IgM doesn't stay long
28
Humoral Immunity is a part of classical immunity: True or False
FALSE - it's a part of adaptive immunity
29
What are the consequences of complement activation?
Lysis (MAC) Opsonization (C3a) Activation of inflammatory response (C3a + C5a) Clearance of immune complexes (removal of particulate antigens)
30
Which immunoglobulin cleaves into 2 parts? Pepsin or Papin?
Pepsin; Papin cleaves into 3 parts
31
Define an epitope
An epitope is an antigen determinant
32
Define a Paratope
Part of the AB that recognizes antigen (small region of antibody FAB region) Types include: Antibodies (Ab), BCR's, and TCR's
33
_________ & __________ recognize native protein antigens without processing or without MHC
BCR's and Ab's
34
MHC I is only on ___________, and MHC II is only on ___________ (B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells)
T-cells, Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)
35
MHC I is a part of the exogenous or endogenous antigen pathway?
Endogenous antigen pathways - Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) recognizes complex of MHC I + peptide and kills infected cell
36
What activated macrophages for DTH response?
CD4 + TH1 which allows peptide boding to MHC II
37
What activated B-cells for Antibody Response?
CD4 + TH2 | MHC II binds peptide
38
What types of cells serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, and activate naive T cells?
Dendritic Cells - stimulate adaptive immunity via the lymph nodes
39
What types of cells are associated with ADCC (Ab dependent cell-medicated cytotoxicity)?
NK cells Macrophages Neutrophils Eosinophils
40
What type of cell responds to intestinal helminths?
Eosinophils
41
What is a disease caused by the invasion and multiplication of a living agent in/on a host?
An Infectious Disease
42
The invasion of an organism in/on a host (ticks, fleas, parasites)
Infestation
43
A disease transmissible from one human/animal to another via direct or airborne routes
A Contagious Disease
44
A disease caused by an agent capable of transmission by direct, airborne, or indirect routes form an infected person, animal, plant or contaminated inanimate reservior
A Communicable Disease
45
Latent Period
Microbe replicating but not enough for host to become infectious
46
Incubation period
Microbe replicating but not symptomatic
47
What is a reservoir?
A habitat where an infectious agent lives, grows, and multiples (humans, animal, or environment) They maintain pathogen over time from year to year/ generation to generation
48
Pathogens can evade immunity for animals to become "susceptible again," and re-infection can occur: True or False
TRUE
49
Define Balanced Pathogenicity
When pathogens can cause infections with minimal symptoms
50
All sick animals are reservoirs: True or False
FALSE

PID 2 (1 decks)

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