EXAM 2 Flashcards
classical conditioning
a type of leaning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
stimulus that evokes an unconditioned responses naturally
unconditioned response
unlearned reaction to an US that occurs naturally
Conditioned stimulus
previously neutral stimulus that through conditioning acquired that capacity to evoke a CR
conditioned response
learned reaction to a CS that occurs because of conditioning
Acquisition
the initial stage of learning a new response tendency
extinction
gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
spontaneous recovery
reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned reponse
Little Albert Study
US- loud noise UR- fear CS- white rat CR- fear Generalized to being all white fur
conditioned emotional response
specific learned behavior
schedule of reinforcement
a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time
continuous reinforcement
when every instance of a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
intermittent reinforcement
when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
fixed ratio
reinforcer given after a set number of nonreinforced responses (faster results)
variable ratio
reinforcer is given after a random number of nonreinforced responses (steadier and faster results)
fixed interval
reinforcer is given after a set amount of time following the first response
variable interval
reinforcer is given after a random amount of time following the first response (steadier results)
observational learning
when an organism’s response is influenced by the observation of another’s ( models)
Albert Bandura
observational learning/bobo dolls
bobo doll study
children put into a room with two bobo dolls
those who saw the aggressive video were more aggressive to the dolls than those who didn’t
TV depictions of violence
increase in aggressive behavior
processes of observational learning
attention
retention
reproduction
motivation
Memory
group of related mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain and retrieve info for a variety of uses
Elizabeth Loftus
Memory
we don’t replay or recall events
memory is reconstructive
false memory
distorted or fabricated recollection of something that didn’t occur
misinformation effect
falsely reconstructing memories based off faulty info
Loftus Research (crime scene)
participant’s watched slides of a crime involving a screwdriver
then read a description of the crime where they mentioned the hammer
a majority remembered the hammer
Loftus research (car)
saw a video of a car hitting a pedestrian
those who were asked questions about the crime referring to the yield sign remembered the sign as a yield sign even though originally they saw a stop sign
encoding
forming a memory code
elaboration
linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
retrieval cues used to enhance encoding
elaboration
imagery
motivation to remember
attention
focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
memory storage
maintaining encoded info in memory over time
sensory memory
preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually a fraction of second
rehearsal
process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about info
chunk
group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit
working memory
modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information
long term memory
unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time
flashbulb memories
unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
serial position effect
subject show better recall for items at the beginning and end of the list than those in the middle (primacy and recency effects)
conceptual heirarchy
multilevel classification system based on common properties among items
schema
organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object of event abstracted from experience with the object or event
semantic network
nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts
retrieval
recovering info from memory stores
tip of the tongue
temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that its just out of reach
context cues
facilitating memory by putting yourself back in the context it was acquired
retrieval cues
context cues
memomic devices
elaboration
imagery
menomic devices
used to increase recall
decay theory
proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time
interference theory
proposes that people forget info because of competition from other material
retroactive interference
when new information impairs the retention of previously learned info
organic amnesia
extensive memory loss due to head injury
retrograde amnesia
can’t remember prior info
anterograde amnesia
can’t form new memories
declarative memory
handles factual information
semantic memory
general facts
episodic memory
personal experience
procedural memory
handles memory of actions, skills, and responses
Drive theory
biological needs must be met. if they are left unmet a person experiences an internal drive
homeostasis
state of physiological equilibrium
drive
hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce the tension
incentive theory
external stimuli regulate motivational states
evolutionary theory
motives of humans and other species are the products of evolution
hunger and eating: early hypothesis
stomach contractions cause hunger
hunger and eating: current hypothesis
hypothalamus regulates eating drinking and temperature
biological drives of hunger
hypothalamus
hormonal regulation
set point theory
set point theory
your body has a natural stable body weight
external drives of hunger
stress
highly playable food
cafeteria effect
David Buss
men are more likely to say yes to sex than women
parental investment theory
what each sex has to invest - in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and foreign opportunities - to produce and nurture offspring
social roles theory
men have had the dominant role in society
men and women have developed different preferences in partner selection
achievement motive
need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others and to meet high standards of excellence
emotion
involves a cognitive, physiological and behavioral component
cognitive component of emotion
a subjective conscious experience
physiological component of emotion
bodily arousal
behavioral component of emotion
characteristic overt expressions
affective forecasting
efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events
polygraph
device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned
facial feedback hypothesis
facial muscles send signals to the brain that aid in recognition of emotions
james lange theory
physiological response occurs due to an event which we understand as an emotion
canon bard theory
experience of emotion and physical response happens simultaneously
schachters two factor theory
arousal occurs and we search for an explanation and this appraisal influences our emotion
prenatal period
conception to birth
germinal stage
phase one
first two weeks after conception
placenta
structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mothers bloodstream and also allows for bodily waste to exit via the mother
embryonic stage
2nd stage
2wks to the end of month 2
fetal stage
3rd stage
end of month 2 till birth
fetal alcohol syndrome
collection of congenital problems associated w excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
age of viability
between 22 and 26 weeks baby can survive premature birth
motor development
progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities
attachment
close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers
evolutionary theory of attachment
john bolwby
biological basis/attachment is not based off of feeding
behaviorist theory of attachment
mothers are associated with the powerful reinforcement of being fed
harry harlow
used the baby monkeys
wire mother vs the cloth mother
when scared they were attached to the cloth mother because of a social/emotional attachment
Mary Ainsworth
strange situation
infant behavior was observed in an unfamiliar room while the caregiver and a stranger walked in and out of the room
Mary Ainsworth’s levels of attachment
secure
avoidant
anxious ambivalent
disorganized
secure attachment
interacts with the caregiver
distraught when caregiver is gone but quickly is calmed w return
avoidant attachment
little to no interaction with the caregiver
anxious ambivalent attachment
anxious around the caregiver
disorganized attachment
confused by caregiver
usually means caregiver is abusive
reactive attachment disorder
failure to form normal attachments
separation anxiety
emotional distress seen in infants when separated from those they held attachments with
Piaget
stage theorist
Piaget’s levels of development
sensimotor
pre operational
concrete operational
formal operational
sensimotor
0-2yrs
thinking by using senses
object permanence
pre operational
2-6yrs improving mental image use egocentricism animism centration
egocentricism
limited ability to share another’s viewpoints
animism
all things are living
centration
focuses on one part of a problem
concrete operational
7-11yrs perform operations on tangible objects logical about concrete events reversibility decentration conservation
formal operation period
11yrs +
abstract thought
vygotsky
emphasis on how children’s cognitive development is fueled by social interactions with parents and others who provide invaluable guidance
kohlberg’s moral levels
pre conventional
conventional
post conventional
preconventional morals
punishment vs reward
conventional morals
rules are valued
approval vs disapproval
post conventional morals
rules are not absolute
moral relativsim
