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PSY 205 EXAM 2 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of leaning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

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2
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that evokes an unconditioned responses naturally

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3
Q

unconditioned response

A

unlearned reaction to an US that occurs naturally

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4
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

previously neutral stimulus that through conditioning acquired that capacity to evoke a CR

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5
Q

conditioned response

A

learned reaction to a CS that occurs because of conditioning

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6
Q

Acquisition

A

the initial stage of learning a new response tendency

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7
Q

extinction

A

gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

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8
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned reponse

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9
Q

Little Albert Study

A 
US- loud noise
UR- fear
CS- white rat
CR- fear
Generalized to being all white fur
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10
Q

conditioned emotional response

A

specific learned behavior

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11
Q

schedule of reinforcement

A

a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time

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12
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

when every instance of a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

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13
Q

intermittent reinforcement

A

when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

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14
Q

fixed ratio

A

reinforcer given after a set number of nonreinforced responses (faster results)

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15
Q

variable ratio

A

reinforcer is given after a random number of nonreinforced responses (steadier and faster results)

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16
Q

fixed interval

A

reinforcer is given after a set amount of time following the first response

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17
Q

variable interval

A

reinforcer is given after a random amount of time following the first response (steadier results)

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18
Q

observational learning

A

when an organism’s response is influenced by the observation of another’s ( models)

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19
Q

Albert Bandura

A

observational learning/bobo dolls

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20
Q

bobo doll study

A

children put into a room with two bobo dolls

those who saw the aggressive video were more aggressive to the dolls than those who didn’t

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21
Q

TV depictions of violence

A

increase in aggressive behavior

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22
Q

processes of observational learning

A

attention
retention
reproduction
motivation

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23
Q

Memory

A

group of related mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain and retrieve info for a variety of uses

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24
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Memory
we don’t replay or recall events
memory is reconstructive

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25
Q

false memory

A

distorted or fabricated recollection of something that didn’t occur

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26
Q

misinformation effect

A

falsely reconstructing memories based off faulty info

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27
Q

Loftus Research (crime scene)

A

participant’s watched slides of a crime involving a screwdriver
then read a description of the crime where they mentioned the hammer
a majority remembered the hammer

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28
Q

Loftus research (car)

A

saw a video of a car hitting a pedestrian
those who were asked questions about the crime referring to the yield sign remembered the sign as a yield sign even though originally they saw a stop sign

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29
Q

encoding

A

forming a memory code

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30
Q

elaboration

A

linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

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31
Q

retrieval cues used to enhance encoding

A

elaboration
imagery
motivation to remember

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32
Q

attention

A

focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

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33
Q

memory storage

A

maintaining encoded info in memory over time

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34
Q

sensory memory

A

preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually a fraction of second

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35
Q

rehearsal

A

process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about info

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36
Q

chunk

A

group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

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37
Q

working memory

A

modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information

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38
Q

long term memory

A

unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time

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39
Q

flashbulb memories

A

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

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40
Q

serial position effect

A

subject show better recall for items at the beginning and end of the list than those in the middle (primacy and recency effects)

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41
Q

conceptual heirarchy

A

multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

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42
Q

schema

A

organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object of event abstracted from experience with the object or event

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43
Q

semantic network

A

nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

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44
Q

retrieval

A

recovering info from memory stores

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45
Q

tip of the tongue

A

temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that its just out of reach

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46
Q

context cues

A

facilitating memory by putting yourself back in the context it was acquired

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47
Q

retrieval cues

A

context cues
memomic devices
elaboration
imagery

48
Q

menomic devices

A

used to increase recall

49
Q

decay theory

A

proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

50
Q

interference theory

A

proposes that people forget info because of competition from other material

51
Q

retroactive interference

A

when new information impairs the retention of previously learned info

52
Q

organic amnesia

A

extensive memory loss due to head injury

53
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

can’t remember prior info

54
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

can’t form new memories

55
Q

declarative memory

A

handles factual information

56
Q

semantic memory

A

general facts

57
Q

episodic memory

A

personal experience

58
Q

procedural memory

A

handles memory of actions, skills, and responses

59
Q

Drive theory

A

biological needs must be met. if they are left unmet a person experiences an internal drive

60
Q

homeostasis

A

state of physiological equilibrium

61
Q

drive

A

hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce the tension

62
Q

incentive theory

A

external stimuli regulate motivational states

63
Q

evolutionary theory

A

motives of humans and other species are the products of evolution

64
Q

hunger and eating: early hypothesis

A

stomach contractions cause hunger

65
Q

hunger and eating: current hypothesis

A

hypothalamus regulates eating drinking and temperature

66
Q

biological drives of hunger

A

hypothalamus
hormonal regulation
set point theory

67
Q

set point theory

A

your body has a natural stable body weight

68
Q

external drives of hunger

A

stress
highly playable food
cafeteria effect

69
Q

David Buss

A

men are more likely to say yes to sex than women

70
Q

parental investment theory

A

what each sex has to invest - in terms of time, energy, survival risk, and foreign opportunities - to produce and nurture offspring

71
Q

social roles theory

A

men have had the dominant role in society

men and women have developed different preferences in partner selection

72
Q

achievement motive

A

need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others and to meet high standards of excellence

73
Q

emotion

A

involves a cognitive, physiological and behavioral component

74
Q

cognitive component of emotion

A

a subjective conscious experience

75
Q

physiological component of emotion

A

bodily arousal

76
Q

behavioral component of emotion

A

characteristic overt expressions

77
Q

affective forecasting

A

efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events

78
Q

polygraph

A

device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned

79
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

facial muscles send signals to the brain that aid in recognition of emotions

80
Q

james lange theory

A

physiological response occurs due to an event which we understand as an emotion

81
Q

canon bard theory

A

experience of emotion and physical response happens simultaneously

82
Q

schachters two factor theory

A

arousal occurs and we search for an explanation and this appraisal influences our emotion

83
Q

prenatal period

A

conception to birth

84
Q

germinal stage

A

phase one

first two weeks after conception

85
Q

placenta

A

structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mothers bloodstream and also allows for bodily waste to exit via the mother

86
Q

embryonic stage

A

2nd stage

2wks to the end of month 2

87
Q

fetal stage

A

3rd stage

end of month 2 till birth

88
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

collection of congenital problems associated w excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

89
Q

age of viability

A

between 22 and 26 weeks baby can survive premature birth

90
Q

motor development

A

progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

91
Q

attachment

A

close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers

92
Q

evolutionary theory of attachment

A

john bolwby

biological basis/attachment is not based off of feeding

93
Q

behaviorist theory of attachment

A

mothers are associated with the powerful reinforcement of being fed

94
Q

harry harlow

A

used the baby monkeys
wire mother vs the cloth mother
when scared they were attached to the cloth mother because of a social/emotional attachment

95
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

strange situation

infant behavior was observed in an unfamiliar room while the caregiver and a stranger walked in and out of the room

96
Q

Mary Ainsworth’s levels of attachment

A

secure
avoidant
anxious ambivalent
disorganized

97
Q

secure attachment

A

interacts with the caregiver

distraught when caregiver is gone but quickly is calmed w return

98
Q

avoidant attachment

A

little to no interaction with the caregiver

99
Q

anxious ambivalent attachment

A

anxious around the caregiver

100
Q

disorganized attachment

A

confused by caregiver

usually means caregiver is abusive

101
Q

reactive attachment disorder

A

failure to form normal attachments

102
Q

separation anxiety

A

emotional distress seen in infants when separated from those they held attachments with

103
Q

Piaget

A

stage theorist

104
Q

Piaget’s levels of development

A

sensimotor
pre operational
concrete operational
formal operational

105
Q

sensimotor

A

0-2yrs
thinking by using senses
object permanence

106
Q

pre operational

A 
2-6yrs
improving mental image use
egocentricism
animism
centration
107
Q

egocentricism

A

limited ability to share another’s viewpoints

108
Q

animism

A

all things are living

109
Q

centration

A

focuses on one part of a problem

110
Q

concrete operational

A 
7-11yrs
perform operations on tangible objects
logical about concrete events
reversibility
decentration
conservation
111
Q

formal operation period

A

11yrs +

abstract thought

112
Q

vygotsky

A

emphasis on how children’s cognitive development is fueled by social interactions with parents and others who provide invaluable guidance

113
Q

kohlberg’s moral levels

A

pre conventional
conventional
post conventional

114
Q

preconventional morals

A

punishment vs reward

115
Q

conventional morals

A

rules are valued

approval vs disapproval

116
Q

post conventional morals

A

rules are not absolute

moral relativsim

PSY 205 EXAM 2 (1 decks)

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