Exam 2 Flashcards
diaphragm
principle muscle for inspiration
diaphragm origin
lower perimeter of rib cage (ribs 7-11), xiphoid process of sternum, body and transverse processes of upper four lumbar vertebrae, rising to an elevated central tendon.
diaphragm insertion
central tendon.
diaphragm action
flattens, drives central tendon inferiorly, inhalation. increase the volume of thorax and thus create inward air flows and negative pressure
changes. inspiration action.
external intercostals
superior attachment is nearer the vertebral end than the inferior attachment. (angled appearance allows ribs to be raised)
external intercostals origin
superficial inferior margin of ribs 1 - 11
external intercostals insertion
superficial superior margin of rib below.
external intercostals action
raise the ribs
- result is a superior and anterior movement of ventral ribs and sternum
- results in an increase in total lung volume
- contraction moves ribs to a more horizontal position, like blinds
Internal Intercostals Interchondral
lie deep to externals
Internal Intercostals Interchondral origin
deep inferior margin of ribs 1 – 11 within the
region of the costal cartilages.
Internal Intercostals Interchondral insertion
deep superior margin of rib below.
Internal Intercostals Interchondral action
muscle exerts upward pull to raise the ribs.
Levator Costarum origin
transverse process of C7-T11.
Levator costarum insertion
Course downward into sub-adjacent rib.
Levator Costarum action
Slight elevation of posterior rib cage.
serratus posterior superior origin
Spinous Process C7-T3
serratus posterior superior insertion
Courses own to insert into angle of ribs 2-5.
serratus posterior superior action
Elevate ribs 2-5.
Thoracic muscles of expiration
cause a decrease of lung volume that basically moves air out
Transversus Thoracis
on the underside of rib cage
Transversus Thoracis origin
deep surface of the sternum
Transversus Thoracis insertion
costal cartilages above its point of origin
Transversus Thoracis action
lowering of costal cartilages 2 through 6
serratus posterior inferior origin
spinous processes of T10-12 and L1-3.
serratus posterior inferior insertion
attaches to inferior borders of lowest four ribs just beyond angles.
serratus posterior inferior action
rib lowering to help expiration.
Internal Intercostal Interosseous
Lie deep to the external intercostals.
– Oblique orientation.
– Superior attachment is more distant from vertebral end than inferior attachment.
antagonist of external group. its origin is more anterior position than its insertion
Internal Intercostal Interosseous origin
inferior margin of ribs 1 through 11.
Internal Intercostal Interosseous insertion
superior margin of rib below.
Internal Intercostal Interosseous action
depress and lower ribs 1 through 11.
Quadratus Lumborum
orientation is straight up and down – vertical
Quadratus Lumborum origin
posterior half of iliac
Quadratus Lumborum insertion
transverse process of upper lumbar vertebrae and inferior edge of 12th rib.
Quadratus Lumborum action
downward pull on 12th rib (exhalation) or more likely postural control of lower thorax and assisting in abdominal compression
activities.
Latissimus Dorsi
accessory muscle, broad and powerful, convergent into humerus, operates as a stabilizer to stabilize back, scapula, and pelvis.
Latissimus Dorsi origin
spinous processes of the lower thoracic, lumbar & sacral vert, & lumbodorsal fascia.
Latissimus Dorsi insertion
humerus
Latissimus Dorsi action
if lats contract as a unit, compresses posterior abdominal wall and assisting expiration.
External Abdominal Oblique origin
abdominal aponerurosis lateral to rectus abd, linea alba, lateral half of inguinal ligament, anterior half of iliac crest.
External Abdominal Oblique insertion
inferior borders and lower 7-8 ribs.
External Abdominal Oblique action
Lowers ribs and antagonistic to diaphragm. Also compresses front and sides of abdom inward.
External Abdominal Oblique aponeurosis
sheet-like linea abla (tough)
Internal Abdominal Oblique origin
lateral half of inguinal ligament, anterior 2/3 of iliac crest, and lower part of lumbodorsal fascia.
Internal Abdominal Oblique insertion
lowest borders of costal cartilages and abd. aponeurosis lateral to rectus abd.
Internal Abdominal Oblique action
bilateral activation lowers ribs, compresses abd, rotates & flexes trunk.
inguinal ligament
ties front half of illium to front half of pelvis (Internal Abdominal Oblique)
Rectus Abdominis
powerful rib depressor. principle muscle used to depress the ribs
Rectus Abdominis origin
pubic bone
Rectus Abdominis insertion
xiphoid process and costal cartilage of lower ribs.
Rectus Abdominis action
depress rib cage and flexion of torso. Can also force abdominal
wall inward.
Transverse Abdominal origin
lumbodorsal fascia of posterior abdominal wall.
Transverse Abdominal insertion
abd. aponeurosis that extends from linea alba, deep surfaces of lower six costal cartilages.
Transverse Abdominal action
antagonist to diaphragm. Compress abdominal contents and sides inward.
thyroid
- 2 wings (left and right) include the upper horns and lower horns
- lower horns form cricothyroid joint (synovial) w. cricoid
Cricoid (w/ thyroid)
- complete hyaline cartilage ring atop the trachea
- concave CT articulator facets link to thyroids inf. horns
Arytenoids
- 2 arytenoids articulate with cricoid posteriorly
- 3 processes: Apex, muscular process, and vocal process
- articulator facet (concave) on inferior of muscular process
interactions between the thyroid and cricoid post.
- Post. CT and Lateral CT ligaments anchor joint
- Joint allows thyroid to “rock” over cricoid
- Ant. abduction limited by anterior CT ligament
- Rotation about CT joint can change fold length by 25%
cricoid (w/ arytenoids)
2 convex facets for the arytenoids (cricoarytenoid facets)
interactions b/w cricoid and arytenoid
- Synovial saddle joints.
- 3 ligaments affect joint motion of the arytenoid: Posterior, & Antero-lateral CA ligament, & Vocal ligament.
- Rocking & gliding motion of the arytenoid on cricoid.
- allows for rotation of arytenoid and opening/closing of glottis (vocal fold tissue)
epiglottis
- Leaf-shaped hyaline cartilage.
- Anterior surface of epiglottis attached to the body of hyoid bone via hyoepiglottic ligament.
- Thyroepiglottic ligament to deep surface of the angle of the thyroid cartilage below the notch.
quadrangular membrane & aryepiglottic folds
membrane that interconnects the edge of the epiglottis to the edge of the arytenoid
conus elasticus
- Arises from the superior rim of the cricoid and inserts along the edges of the vocal ligament and the arytenoids.
- Forms a funnel-like structure
hyoid bone
series of ligaments and membranes help connect the superstructure of laryngeal system
levels of the larynx
- supraglottic space (laryngeal vestibule): laryngeal inlet (aditus laryngis) to vestibular folds
- transglottic space (intermediate laryngeal cavity): vestibular folds across laryngeal ventricle (lateral evagination of mucosa) to vocal folds
- subglottic space (infraglottic cavity): vocal folds to inferior border of cricoid cartilage
vestibular folds
false vocal folds
All intrinsic laryngeal muscles in relation to one another
Basic function is to adduct, abduct folds AND anchor folds posteriorly when being stretched by rocking of thyroid.
adduction
a bringing together. necessary to generate vocal fold vibration
abduction
moves vocal folds away from each other. necessary for breathing
glottal configurations
- large glottis: quick breathing
- medium glottis: quiet breathing
- small glottis: whispering
- small glottis (at back): breathy vocal quality
- no glottis: most normal vocalizations, full vocal quality
cricothyroid (CT)
Bilateral muscle between the cricoid & thyroid cartilage.
cricothyroid origin
Straight portion from superficial surface of anterior cricoid. Oblique portion arises from supero-lateral rim of cricoid.
cricothyroid insertion
Straight portion inserts into inferior border of anterior lamina.
Oblique portion inserts into inferior border of posterior half of thyroid lamina and onto superficial and deep surfaces of inferior thyroid horn.
cricothyroid action
adduction of thyroid cartilage (relative to cricoid).
Increases the length of the vocal folds (raise vocal pitch).
Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA)
Large fan shaped muscle located on the dorsal surface of the cricoid.
Posterior Cricoarytenoid origin
lateral half of cricoid lamina.
Posterior Cricoarytenoid insertion
superior surface of muscular process of arytenoid.
Posterior Cricoarytenoid action
abduct the vocal folds by rolling the arytenoids.
Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA)
Small muscle, yet very important for vocalization.
really important for making the edges of the vocal folds stay together.
Lateral Cricoarytenoid origin
superior rim of cricoid cartilage
Lateral Cricoarytenoid insertion
postero-superior course to lateral half of muscular process of arytenoid.
Lateral Cricoarytenoid action
adduction and likely involved in “medial compression”
Interarytenoids (IA)
there are 2 types: oblique and transverse
oblique arytenoid origin
oblique arytenoid originates from medial half of muscular process of arytenoid.
oblique arytenoid insertion
course superomedial cross mid-line and insert into contralateral arytenoid at apex.
oblique arytenoid action
adduct folds
transverse arytenoid origin
transverse arytenoid muscle extends horizontally across mid-line and deep to oblique arytenoid muscle.
transverse arytenoid insertion
attaches to dorsomedial surface of opposite arytenoid.
transverse arytenoid action
powerful vocal fold adductor. Draws apexes together.
Thyroarytenoid (TA)
Extends anterior-posteriorly. Mass of the vocal folds. Composed of medial and lateral subdivisions.
Thyroarytenoid origin
deep surface of thyroid lamina
Thyroarytenoid insertion
vocal process of arytenoids
Thyroarytenoid action
shorten folds, increases stiffness.
Acts as regulator of longitudinal tension.
Acting unopposed by other intrinsic muscles, TA will relax vocal fold mucosa and vocal ligament.
When opposed, the result is an increase in vocal fold tension.
infrahyoid muscles
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thryohyoid
Sternohyoid (SH)
long, flat muscle.
Sternohyoid origin
superior border of manubrium.
Sternohyoid insertion
passes over surface of thyroid and inserts onto lower border of body of hyoid bone.
Sternohyoid action
lower hyoid bone
omohyoid (OH)
long strap muscle
omohyoid origin
superior border of scapula just lateral to superior angle of manubrium.
omohyoid insertion
inferior border of lateral hyoid bone
omohyoid action
Tense neck tissues.
thyrohyoid (TH)
short vertical strap muscle
thyrohyoid origin
oblique line of thyroid cartilage
thyrohyoid insertion
inferolateral border of hyoid bone
thyrohyoid action
lower hyoid bone or more likely raise larynx by decreasing distance b/w hyoid and thyroid.
sternothyroid (ST)
verticle strap muscle
sternothyroid origin
deep surface of manubrium of sternum and medial end of first costal cartilage.
sternothyroid insertion
oblique line of thyroid cartilage
sternothyroid action
lower larynx, draw thyroid downward
suprahyoid muscles
also considered accessory muscles of mastication
- Digastric
- anterior belly: originates at the mandible (digrastic fossa)
- posterior belly: originates at temporal bone (mastoid notch, medial to mastoid process) - stylohyoid: originates at temporal bone (styloid process)
- Mylohyoid: originates at mandible (mylohyoid line)
- geniohyoid: originates at mandible (inferior mental spine)
they all insert at the hyoid bone (body)
