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Americna National Government > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q 
Anthony Downs (Individual lvl calculations)
            PB - C > 0
- P: Pivotality
- B: Benefits
- C: Costs
A

CONCLUSION: Rational People don’t vote

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2
Q 
Riker and Ordershook
            PB - C+D > 0
- P: Pivotality
- B: Benefits
- C: Costs
- D: Civic Duty - Willingness to Pay
A

Rational: D>C = vote
Irrational: D

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3
Q

Public Opinion

A

attitudes held by the citizens about political issues, events, leaders, and institutions

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4
Q

Attitudes

A

Psychological constructs that involves a response to a stimulus in an individuals enviroment

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of Attitudes?

A
  1. Affect
  2. Evaluation
  3. Cognition
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6
Q

Affect - Describes an emotional reaction to a stimulus

A
  • Likes and Dislikes
  • Happiness and Sadness
  • Joy and anger
  • Measure using scale or words
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7
Q

Evaluation - assessment about the desirability about an object

A

1) (Un)Desirability
a) (In)Equity
b) (Un)Fair
c) (In)Justice
2) Effectiveness
a) (In)Competence
b) (Un)Responsive
3) Trends
a) Better or Worse

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8
Q

Cognition - Knowlege

A
  • Awareness about an object
  • Lvl of knowlege about an object (Quantity)
  • Degree of knowledge about an object (Quality)

Importance:

  • Difference between what people know and what they think they know
  • Cognition bias/Perceptual Screening
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9
Q

Political Socialization

A

The process of developing political attitudes

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10
Q

Development occurs through four venues:

A

1) Family
2) Schools/Educaiton
3) Social circles
4) Political Environment

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11
Q

What are the two different models of Political Socialization?

A

1) Agent-based model
- Family (greatest importance)
- Schools/Education
- Social circles
- Political Environment (Least importance)
2) Life Cycle model
- Early Childhood (0-7)
- Late childhood (7-13)
- Teenage/Adulthood (13-25)
- Adulthood (25+)

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12
Q

What survey instruments are used to sample Public Opinion?

A

The Afrobaromater (Surveys)
ANES (American National Election Studies)
Pew (Pew Research Center)

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13
Q

Survey sample

A

A smaller segment of the population used to determine aggregate opinion

(Relates to Probability sample, Sample Size, Margin of Error

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14
Q

Probillity sample

A

everyone has equal chance

  • probability = ideal
  • non-probability = realistic
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15
Q

Sample Size

A

get a fraction to represent total

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16
Q

Margin of Error

A

degree of uncertainty

17
Q

What are the Measurements of Public Opinion?

A
  • Nominal level:
    ex. Sex (Female or Male), Religion (Baptist, Catholic, Atheist)
  • Ordinal level:
    ex. Agreement (strongly agree, agree, neither, disagree, strongly disagree), Educaiton (High school diploma, some college)
  • Interval level
    ex. Ideology (1-100; 1 = very liberal, 100 = very conservative), Hours of Media viewership
18
Q

Reliablitlity

A

asking a question now and again in future

19
Q

Validility

A

is the question getting the result you wanted
face - looking at wording of question
construct - looking at interpretation of question

20
Q

Precision

A

using appropriate lvl of measurement

-scale, choices, scale size: interval ordinal, nominal

21
Q

What are the forms of Traditional Media?

A
  • Broadcast media - radio, tv: news channel, 24hr news channel
  • Print media - newspaper - declining
  • Alternative media - late night show, satire
22
Q

What are the 4 types of Online Media?

A
  1. News aggregators - links to other websites; not really self written
  2. Niche journalism - written for a particular ideological party
  3. Citizen journalism - Citizens posting their opinion and analyses
  4. Social Media - Political figure sending out information and opinion
23
Q

What are the effects of the media?

A
  • Agenda setting (McCombs and Shaw 1974)
    +News make people aware of issues (what to think about)
  • Framing (Nelson, Clawson, and Oxley 1997)
    +(How to think about it) Implications
  • Social media and participation (Zuniga, Jung, and Valenzuela 2012)
    +‘Reliance of social media as a source of news’
    *(+)reliance = (+) trust (+)participation
    *(-)reliance = (-) trust (-)participation
24
Q

What is Protest and why protest?

A

it is an assembly of crowds to indirectly confront government officials and institutions

  • Grievances
  • Political opportunity
  • Collective identity
25
Q

Groups choose to protest because they:

A
  • have preferences
  • government does not support preferences
  • group preferences are either provided to some but not others or not given to any one

examples: Civil Rights movement, Gay Rights movement, Vietnam War protests

26
Q

Protest occurs because of political opportunity structures:

A
  • Availability of mayor-council governments vs manager-council governments.
  • “Model Cities” funding and responsiveness to need.
  • Non-partisan elections
  • Or anything regarding the design of an institution that promotes the attainment of individual goals
27
Q

Protest occurs because of a movement towards a collective identity:

A
  • Preferences are unrealized at an individual level
    ex. “I wish that I had X.”
  • Protest occurs when preferences shift away from the individual level to the group level
    ex. “I wish that WE had X.”
  • Or protest occurs because the potential success of an individual does not terminate on that individual, but instead are magnified by a whole.
28
Q

Voting

A
  • Method of selecting individuals to serve as members of government
  • Representative form of democracy
  • Opposite of direct democracy - individuals have no say in daily policy making
  • Individuals are agents who select representatives to engage in the management of the country
29
Q

What are the 2 steps in the process to vote?

A 
1) Registering to vote
  \+eligibility
  \+documentation
2) Voting
  \+Prior on election day
  \+On election day
30
Q

Voter turnout:

A

Voting age populating (VAP)
VAP = # voters / # citizens (18+)

Voting eligible populating (VEP)
VEP = # voters / # citizens (18+, non-felon, sufficient)

31
Q

Factors that affect C and D in the formulas:

A
  • Demographics
  • Political environment - Economics (Nation or individual), war (support?), etc. - vote when you want to hold people accountable
  • Mobilization - tell people to vote, canvasing (personal, effective), mail (least effective), telephone (no effect); Green and Gerber (2004)
  • Electoral competition - More candidates running = more people vote
  • Institutional constraints - laws in place ex. Imprisoned felons can’t vote (48 states), felons on parole can’t vote (36 states), felons can’t vote. period. (11 states)
32
Q

Who do people vote for?

A
  • Retrospective voting - assess the past record of candidate
    +assess past performance - past experience, past
  • Prospective voting - predicting future performance
  • Incumbents - incumbency - looking at current office holder (Advantage! More likely to get re-elected)

Americna National Government (3 decks)

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