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Psychology 105 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Distortion of memory caused by misinformation during retrieval

Accuracy of memory effected by:
       • ease of recall
       • degree of confidence
       • knowledge of the subject
       • types of questions
       • racial identification
       • facial characteristics
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2
Q

Recognition Task

A

Pick a correct answer from a range of alternative answers

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3
Q

Language

A

Communication consisting of symbols

Arranged according to a set of rules

Must have meaning

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4
Q

Mental Rotation

A

Ability to manipulate images mentally / in your head

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5
Q

Problem Solving

A

Using mental strategies to solve problems

Trial and error
Insight problem solving
Algorithm
- step by step rules

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6
Q

Mental Image

A

Picture or representation of an event in your mind’s eye

Help with cognitive functions

Not limited to just visual stimuli

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7
Q

Recall

A

Free Recall
- Recall as much as possible

Serial Recall
- Recall a series in a specific order

Paired associates Recall
- pairs of items… recall 1 given the other

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8
Q

Retrieval Theory

A

Forgetting is a failure to access stored information

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9
Q

Encoding Failure

A

We only encode as much info as we need to

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10
Q

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

Missing piece of retrieval cue leads to knowing or thinking you know something but not being able to recall

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11
Q

Loftus + Palmer

A

Framing things differently causes people to view them differently

Different words for crash changes perception of speed

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12
Q

Amnesia

A

Memory loss

Retrograde= loss of memory of past events (before accident)

Anterograde= loss of ability to form and store new memories

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13
Q

Framing

A

The way something is presented (framed) may effect how we think about it

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14
Q

Thinking

A

Mental representation and manipulation of info

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15
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Area of psychology that explores how we acquire knowledge

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16
Q

Deja Vu

A

Caused by overlap between short-term and long-term memory

Working memory error

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17
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Extremely emotional memories that are very vivid and detailed and are permanently seared into the brain

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18
Q

Chunking

A

Breaking something down into smaller sections (chunks) to make it easier to remember

Short-term memory trick

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19
Q

“Magic Seven”

A

George Miller

We can generally store/remember 7 ( + or - 2) things at once in our short term memory

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20
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Auditory Short-term memory

21
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Photographic memory only lasting a fraction of a second

22
Q

Eidetic Memory

A

“True” photographic memory

Rare in adults

23
Q

(memory) Retrieval

A

Process of accessing stored info

Retrieval cues

24
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

Similar retrieval cues lead to better recall

25
Q

State Dependent Memory

A

Recall is better when you are in the same emotional/psychological and physical state

26
Q

Context Dependent Memory Effect

A

Recall is better when in the same context/environment

27
Q

3 Stage Memory Model

A

• Sensory
•Short-term
- Working
•Long-term

28
Q

(memory) Storage

A

Process of retaining info in memory

29
Q

(memory) Encoding

A

Process of converting info into a form that can be stored in memory

30
Q

Observational Learning

A

AKA social learning, learning through watching/observing

31
Q

Latent Learning

A

Not immediately expressed with a response, occurs without obvious reinforcement

32
Q

Insight Learning

A

Mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs
- Aha! moment

33
Q

Punishment (+/-)

A

Negative Punishment - taking away a desired stimulus in order to decrease a behavior

Positive Punishment- Adding a negative consequence in order to decrease a behavior

34
Q

Reinforcement (+/-)

A

Positive Reinforcement- Reward with hopes of increasing a behavior

Negative Behavior- Removal of a negative stimulus in order to increase a behavior

35
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A
  • Continuous Reinforcement- Response always reinforced
  • Intermittent Reinforcement- not every response is reinforced
  • Fixed Ratio- reinforcement only after a fixed # of responses, low extinction resistance, rapid responding, short pause
  • Fixed Interval- response only rewarded after a set amount of time, low extinction resistance, long pauses, short interval= higher rates
  • Variable Ratio- reinforcement after a random # of responses, higher extinction resistance, high steady rate with no pauses
  • Variable Interval- reinforcement after a random amount of time, higher extinction resistance, low steady rate with no pauses
36
Q

Types of Reinforcers

A
  • Primary- inherent reinforcement due to satisfying biological needs
  • Secondary- acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
37
Q

Stimulus Discrimination (OC)

A

•Responding does not increase to a new stimulus that is similar to the original

38
Q

Stimulus Generalization (OC)

A

•Responding increases to a new stimulus that is similar to the original

39
Q

Acquisition (OC)

A

•Increasing in response to reinforcement shaping)

40
Q

Extinction (OC)

A

Slowing of response after reinforcement stops

41
Q

Cumulative Recorder

A

•Records responses in Skinner Box

42
Q

Operant Conditioning

A
  • Form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences ( +/- reinforcement or punishment)
  • B.F. Skinner and Skinner Box
43
Q

Classical Conditioning

A
  • A stimulus originally neutral elicits the same/similar response to one originally elicited by a different stimulus
  • Links 2 stimuli, 1 response
  • Pavlov’s dogs
44
Q

Stimulus Generalization (CC)

A

• Response is still elicited if a stimulus is similar to the conditioned stimulus

45
Q

What determines sexual orientation?

A
  • Freud= over identification with a parent of the opposite sex may lead to homosexuality, influences in childhood and how children are raised determines sexuality
  • Modern= biology + in utero hormones may contribute to sexuality
46
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

•Erotic and romantic attraction and interest
•Can be a range
- Ambisexual behavior
- Kinsey Scale

47
Q

Evolutionary Theory (of gender development)

A

Modern adaptations to traditional roles, gender identity with the goal of attracting mates

48
Q

Gender Schema Theory (of gender development)

A

Children form mental categories (schemas) for masculine and feminine

Psychology 105 (1 decks)

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