Exam 2 Flashcards
Misinformation Effect
Distortion of memory caused by misinformation during retrieval
Accuracy of memory effected by:
• ease of recall
• degree of confidence
• knowledge of the subject
• types of questions
• racial identification
• facial characteristics
Recognition Task
Pick a correct answer from a range of alternative answers
Language
Communication consisting of symbols
Arranged according to a set of rules
Must have meaning
Mental Rotation
Ability to manipulate images mentally / in your head
Problem Solving
Using mental strategies to solve problems
Trial and error
Insight problem solving
Algorithm
- step by step rules
Mental Image
Picture or representation of an event in your mind’s eye
Help with cognitive functions
Not limited to just visual stimuli
Recall
Free Recall
- Recall as much as possible
Serial Recall
- Recall a series in a specific order
Paired associates Recall
- pairs of items… recall 1 given the other
Retrieval Theory
Forgetting is a failure to access stored information
Encoding Failure
We only encode as much info as we need to
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
Missing piece of retrieval cue leads to knowing or thinking you know something but not being able to recall
Loftus + Palmer
Framing things differently causes people to view them differently
Different words for crash changes perception of speed
Amnesia
Memory loss
Retrograde= loss of memory of past events (before accident)
Anterograde= loss of ability to form and store new memories
Framing
The way something is presented (framed) may effect how we think about it
Thinking
Mental representation and manipulation of info
Cognitive Psychology
Area of psychology that explores how we acquire knowledge
Deja Vu
Caused by overlap between short-term and long-term memory
Working memory error
Flashbulb Memory
Extremely emotional memories that are very vivid and detailed and are permanently seared into the brain
Chunking
Breaking something down into smaller sections (chunks) to make it easier to remember
Short-term memory trick
“Magic Seven”
George Miller
We can generally store/remember 7 ( + or - 2) things at once in our short term memory
Echoic Memory
Auditory Short-term memory
Iconic Memory
Photographic memory only lasting a fraction of a second
Eidetic Memory
“True” photographic memory
Rare in adults
(memory) Retrieval
Process of accessing stored info
Retrieval cues
Encoding Specificity Principle
Similar retrieval cues lead to better recall
State Dependent Memory
Recall is better when you are in the same emotional/psychological and physical state
Context Dependent Memory Effect
Recall is better when in the same context/environment
3 Stage Memory Model
• Sensory
•Short-term
- Working
•Long-term
(memory) Storage
Process of retaining info in memory
(memory) Encoding
Process of converting info into a form that can be stored in memory
Observational Learning
AKA social learning, learning through watching/observing
Latent Learning
Not immediately expressed with a response, occurs without obvious reinforcement
Insight Learning
Mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs
- Aha! moment
Punishment (+/-)
Negative Punishment - taking away a desired stimulus in order to decrease a behavior
Positive Punishment- Adding a negative consequence in order to decrease a behavior
Reinforcement (+/-)
Positive Reinforcement- Reward with hopes of increasing a behavior
Negative Behavior- Removal of a negative stimulus in order to increase a behavior
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement- Response always reinforced
- Intermittent Reinforcement- not every response is reinforced
- Fixed Ratio- reinforcement only after a fixed # of responses, low extinction resistance, rapid responding, short pause
- Fixed Interval- response only rewarded after a set amount of time, low extinction resistance, long pauses, short interval= higher rates
- Variable Ratio- reinforcement after a random # of responses, higher extinction resistance, high steady rate with no pauses
- Variable Interval- reinforcement after a random amount of time, higher extinction resistance, low steady rate with no pauses
Types of Reinforcers
- Primary- inherent reinforcement due to satisfying biological needs
- Secondary- acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
Stimulus Discrimination (OC)
•Responding does not increase to a new stimulus that is similar to the original
Stimulus Generalization (OC)
•Responding increases to a new stimulus that is similar to the original
Acquisition (OC)
•Increasing in response to reinforcement shaping)
Extinction (OC)
Slowing of response after reinforcement stops
Cumulative Recorder
•Records responses in Skinner Box
Operant Conditioning
- Form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences ( +/- reinforcement or punishment)
- B.F. Skinner and Skinner Box
Classical Conditioning
- A stimulus originally neutral elicits the same/similar response to one originally elicited by a different stimulus
- Links 2 stimuli, 1 response
- Pavlov’s dogs
Stimulus Generalization (CC)
• Response is still elicited if a stimulus is similar to the conditioned stimulus
What determines sexual orientation?
- Freud= over identification with a parent of the opposite sex may lead to homosexuality, influences in childhood and how children are raised determines sexuality
- Modern= biology + in utero hormones may contribute to sexuality
Sexual Orientation
•Erotic and romantic attraction and interest
•Can be a range
- Ambisexual behavior
- Kinsey Scale
Evolutionary Theory (of gender development)
Modern adaptations to traditional roles, gender identity with the goal of attracting mates
Gender Schema Theory (of gender development)
Children form mental categories (schemas) for masculine and feminine
