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Lifespan and Human Development > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Features of Human Growth

A
  • height and weight gain is rapid the first 2yrs of life
  • body fat is accumulated quickly in first 9mos; keeps body temp constant
  • muscle development is slow and gradual
  • body proportions change
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2
Q

How does human growth differ from other species?

A

humans undergo a prolonged period of physical growth

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3
Q

What is the growth rate of humans body parts?

A

body parts develop at different rates; we grow the most in infancy

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4
Q

Growth is __________ across age

A

uneven

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5
Q

Girls perception of body during puberty/age of puberty

A
  • experience puberty early (about 2yrs earlier): 11-17 (9-15)
  • girls want to be skinny: negative perception of body; may partake in negative weight loss practices or have bad behavior
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6
Q

Boys perception of body during puberty/age of puberty

A
  • experience puberty around 10-17yrs of age

- boys have a positive body image and successful peer relations early on

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7
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of early maturation for BOYS

A
  • early maturing boys have a positive body image and more successful relationships early on compared to those who do not have a positive body image
  • have stronger advantages of early maturation than girls
  • In late 30’s, boys who matured late have better self image and success

-**Early maturation=more benefit in adolescence
Late maturation-benefit in 30’s

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8
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of early maturation in GIRLS

A
  • early maturing girls are more likely to smoke, drink, drop out, have sex, have eating disorders, have unstable sexual relations, and get married sooner
  • essentially they have more negative behaviors if they mature early on
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9
Q

Physical changes in early adulthood

A

-subtle physical changes
-peak functioning of joints in 20’s
-peak muscle tone & strength
>declines in 30’s

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10
Q

Physical changes in middle adulthood

A
  • lose height
  • gain weight
  • noticeable aging in 40’s/50’s
  • loss of lean muscle/strength (bone loss is greater in women)
  • high cholesterol and BP (menopause for women)
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11
Q

Physical changes in late adulthood

A

-physical appearance
>more pronounced midlife changes
>weight loss due to lost muscle mass
>mobility limitations linked to obesity

-circulatory system
>high BP is linked to heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease

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12
Q

At what age is nutrition most important for physical growth? why?

A
  • most important during infancy (birth to 5 or 6 mos)
  • need more calories (50 per pound)
  • breastmilk-antiobiotics from mom is free of bacteria
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13
Q

Outcomes of breast feeding in children

A
  • fewer GI incetions
  • fewer respiratory infections
  • less likely to be overweight and have diabetes
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14
Q

Outcomes of breastfeeding in mothers

A

-less likely to get breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and type 2 diabetes

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15
Q

What are medical and social problems suffered by overweight/obese children?

A
  • social: socially isolated, low self-esteem, bad grades or school situations
  • medical: high cholesterol, diabetes, eating disorders, diet pills
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16
Q

Causing factors of obesity

A

> child’s weight similar to biological parents
activity level
basal metabolic rate
taste for high fat/sugar foods
eat out, little exercise, no PE programs, cafeteria lunches
tv advertisements

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17
Q

Child Obesity in the U.S.

A
  • proportion of overweight children has tripled in the past 4 decades
  • 1 in 6 children are obese
  • The U.S. has the 2nd highest rate of child obesity
18
Q

Anorexia Bulimia: symptoms, causes, and consequences

A
  • symptoms: persistent refusal to eat; constant feeling of being overweight
  • causes: mental disorder
  • consequences: heart and kidney damage; possibly death
19
Q

Bulimia Nervosa: symptoms, causes, and consequences

A
  • symptoms: excessive eating periods and then purging b/c of guilt
  • causes:over concern about body weight (mainly affects females in adolescence)
  • consequences: ???
20
Q

How can parents and peers influence adolescents’ health?

A
  • sit down and eat with family 5 or more times per week

- peer pressure, family activities, and homemade meals

21
Q

What are common health problems among young adults?

A
  • more than twice the mortality rate of adolescents
  • higher rates of chronic health problems
  • obesity
  • mental health disorders
22
Q

What are symptoms of Alzheimer disease?

A

-it is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder
>loss in memory, reasoning, language, and physical function
>occurs more in women than men

-Risk factors: family history
>CV disease
>obesity, smoking, high cholesterol
>drug treatments

23
Q

What are symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

-it is a condition in which one experiences muscle tremors, slowing of mvmt, and partial facial paralysis
>degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons

24
Q

Visual preference method

A
  • shows infants two patterns/objects at a time

- infants would rather look at something over nothing

25
Q

Habituation

A
  • repeatedly present an infant with a stimulus until an infant’s response declines
  • present a novel stimulus: infants response increases b/c babies CAN differentiate objects
26
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

-“sharpness” of vsiion

>smallest patterns that can be distinguished dependably

27
Q

How can an infants visual acuity be measured using the visual preference method?

A
  • pair a gray square and a striped square
  • make lines of striped square narrower
  • measure width of stripes an infant can detect and their distance from the eyes
  • newborns see at 20ft what adults would see at 200-400ft
  • by age 1, infant acuity is the same as adults
28
Q

Infants and color vision

A
  • newborns can perceive few colors
  • by 4 mos, infants color vision is similar to that of adults
  • infants look longer at same basic colors that adults rate as most pleasant
  • infants respond equivalently to two shades that adults label as the same color (red & blue)
  • infants discriminate between two shades that adults refer to with different color names (blue & green)
29
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

-the perception of objects remain constant although they may look different

30
Q

Infants and size constancy

A

-realize that objects size remains the same despite size of retinal image

31
Q

infants and shape constancy

A

-shape remains the same despite orientation to viewer

32
Q

Visual cliff experiment and infants ability that was tested in this experiment

A

-depth perception: young infants do not recognize depth perception
-visual cliff experiment: baby crawled over clear glass to mother
>older baby (approx. 1yr of age) would not crawl over glass to mother b/c they noticed the ground seemed far away

33
Q

Changes in visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception in aging (childhood)

A

-childhood: increasingly efficient at detecting boundaries between colors (red and orange) at 3-4 yrs of age;
>many preschool children are farsighted
>most children can focus eyes and sustain attention effectively on close up objects

34
Q

Changes in visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception in aging (adulthood)

A

-accommodation: eye’s ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina, eyes blood supply, sensitivity to low levels of illumination, dark adaptation, color vision, depth perception

35
Q

When can a baby begin to hear?

A

-fetus is able to hear 7-8 mos after conception

>can remember sounds/things they heard in the womb

36
Q

What does auditory threshold mean?

A
  • minimum sound that can be heard by an infant

- the faintest sound a newborn responds to is 4x louder than the quietest sound an adult can hear

37
Q

At what age does hearing approach adult levels?

A

5-10yrs of age

38
Q

Cat and the hat study and results

A

-during last months of pregnancy, 16 mothers consistently read The Cat in the Hat to their fetuses.
>after delivery, mothers read a different story to their infants
>infants sucked on mothers nipple differently when the mother read the 2 stories to them
>this show fetuses can hear but also differentiate sounds even before birth

39
Q

Newborns and taste

A
  • flavor is experienced in the womb (carrot juice study)
  • innate preference for sweet flavors
  • sensitivity to changes in taste in breastmilk
  • declines in taste sensitivity in older adults
40
Q

Newborns and smell

A
  • newborns differentiate scent of mother and other women

- decrease in sensitivity to smells may occur as early as the 20’s

41
Q

Newborns and touch

A
  • newborns respond to touch
  • older adults may detect touch much less in lower extremities (ankles/knees) than in upper extremities (wrists/shoulders)
42
Q

Piaget’s view of children

A
  • children are actively contributing to their own development
  • constructivists: children construct their own knowledge about the world
  • they are “scientists”
  • children’s theories are often incomplete and incorrect, but are valuable

Lifespan and Human Development (1 decks)

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