Exam #2 Flashcards
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
Classical Conditioning
People associate their own actions w/ consequences. Actions followed by reinforcers increase;those followed by punishments decrease.
Operant Conditioning
States that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Thorndike placed a cat in a box and encouraged it to escape to reach a fish outside the box. the cat would be timed how long it would take to find the lever to escape the box. the cat would get quicker and quicker
Puzzle Box
The box has something an animal presses to release a reward of food or water. it also records the respones. Rats and Pigeons acts out Skinner’s concept of reinforcement.
operant chamber/ skinner box
any event that strengthens(increases frequency of) a preceding response
Reinforcement
gradually guiding the rat’s( or other animal’s) actions toward the desired behavior.
Shaping
sometimes called “shaping.” the steps towards the final desired behavior must be identified in chronological order i need to complete the entire desired performance. Once the final behavior is split into desired steps by the trainer, steps can begin to be rewarded successively
Successive approximations
increasing behaviors by presenting a stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response ( not a punishment)
negative reinforcement
an innately reinforcer stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
primary reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
conditioned (secondary) reinforcer
occurs immediately after desired response of an organism and the delivery of reward.
immediate reinforcer
a time delay between the desired response of an organism, and the delivery of reward
delayed reinforcer
used in both classical and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, it refers to an ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other, similar stimuli that don’t signal an unconditioned stimulus
discrimination
ex) reward every hour ( slow unsustained responding)
fixed interval of reinforcement
reward after a changing/random amount of time passes (slow consistent responding)
variable interval schedule
reward every 5 targeted behaviors( high rate of responding)
fixed ratio schedule
reward after a randomly chosen instance of target behavior ( high consistent responding)
variable ratio schedule
decrease behavior vs attempt to increase behavior
punishment vs negative reinforcement
ADD something unpleasant
positive punishment
TAKE AWAY something pleasant/desired
negative punishment
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.
cognitive learning
a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. Example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a _ of it.
cognitive map
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
latent learning
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
extrinsic motivation
occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a task.
overjustification effect
learning by observing others ( learning by observation)
observational learning
effect of observation learning, actions which benefits others, contribute value to groups, and follows moral codes and social norms
prosocial effect
effect of observational learning, actions that are harmful to individuals and society
antisocial effect
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior (learning by observation)
modeling
one person subconsciously imitates the gesture, speech pattern, or attitude of another. (learning by observation)
mirroring
the learning of various attitudes, feelings, beliefs and emotions, not through direct exposure to stimulus, but through observing how others react to it (learning by observation )
vicarious conditioning
notices how the children’s actions directly imitate the adult’s
Albert Bandura’s Bobo doll effect
frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy
mirror neurons
effects of exposure of media violence
children tend to be more aggressive
our capacity for storing information permanently in long term memory is essentially unlimited. it is stored by clustering
capacity and duration of memories and how it is stored
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know (in frontal lobe and hippocampus)
explicit/declarative memory
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
effortful processing
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection in cerebellum and basal ganglia)
implicit/undeclarative memory
implict- can be retained (skills and conditioned responses) explicit- recall for episodes, start at the age 3
infantile amnesia
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
flashbulb memory
an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
long-term potentiation
a medicine that impacts memory, receptors located on neuron membranes, and is an example of a transmembrane receptor
Glutamate
a protein that switches on genes responsible for the development of new synapses
CREB
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, and environment
recall
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
recognition
which do we have a greater capacity for: recall or recognition?
recognition
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
relearning
discovered the forgetting curve, he tested himself by memorizing and forgetting of nonsense three letter words.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
