Exam #2

Question 1

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

Answer 1

Classical Conditioning

Question 2

People associate their own actions w/ consequences. Actions followed by reinforcers increase;those followed by punishments decrease.

Answer 2

Operant Conditioning

Question 3

States that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.

Answer 3

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Question 4

Thorndike placed a cat in a box and encouraged it to escape to reach a fish outside the box. the cat would be timed how long it would take to find the lever to escape the box. the cat would get quicker and quicker

Answer 4

Puzzle Box

Question 5

The box has something an animal presses to release a reward of food or water. it also records the respones. Rats and Pigeons acts out Skinner’s concept of reinforcement.

Answer 5

operant chamber/ skinner box

Question 6

any event that strengthens(increases frequency of) a preceding response

Answer 6

Reinforcement

Question 7

gradually guiding the rat’s( or other animal’s) actions toward the desired behavior.

Answer 7

Shaping

Question 8

sometimes called “shaping.” the steps towards the final desired behavior must be identified in chronological order i need to complete the entire desired performance. Once the final behavior is split into desired steps by the trainer, steps can begin to be rewarded successively

Answer 8

Successive approximations

Question 9

increasing behaviors by presenting a stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Answer 9

positive reinforcement

Question 10

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response ( not a punishment)

Answer 10

negative reinforcement

Question 11

an innately reinforcer stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

Answer 11

primary reinforcer

Question 12

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

Answer 12

conditioned (secondary) reinforcer

Question 13

occurs immediately after desired response of an organism and the delivery of reward.

Answer 13

immediate reinforcer

Question 14

a time delay between the desired response of an organism, and the delivery of reward

Answer 14

delayed reinforcer

Question 15

used in both classical and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, it refers to an ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other, similar stimuli that don’t signal an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 15

discrimination

Question 16

ex) reward every hour ( slow unsustained responding)

Answer 16

fixed interval of reinforcement

Question 17

reward after a changing/random amount of time passes (slow consistent responding)

Answer 17

variable interval schedule

Question 18

reward every 5 targeted behaviors( high rate of responding)

Answer 18

fixed ratio schedule

Question 19

reward after a randomly chosen instance of target behavior ( high consistent responding)

Answer 19

variable ratio schedule

Question 20

decrease behavior vs attempt to increase behavior

Answer 20

punishment vs negative reinforcement

Question 21

ADD something unpleasant

Answer 21

positive punishment

Question 22

TAKE AWAY something pleasant/desired

Answer 22

negative punishment

Question 23

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

Answer 23

cognitive learning

Question 24

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. Example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a _ of it.

Answer 24

cognitive map

Question 25

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 25

latent learning

Question 26

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

Answer 26

intrinsic motivation

Question 27

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

Answer 27

extrinsic motivation

Question 28

occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task.

Answer 28

overjustification effect

Question 29

learning by observing others ( learning by observation)

Answer 29

observational learning

Question 30

effect of observation learning, actions which benefits others, contribute value to groups, and follows moral codes and social norms

Answer 30

prosocial effect

Question 31

effect of observational learning, actions that are harmful to individuals and society

Answer 31

antisocial effect

Question 32

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior (learning by observation)

Answer 32

modeling

Question 33

one person subconsciously imitates the gesture, speech pattern, or attitude of another. (learning by observation)

Answer 33

mirroring

Question 34

the learning of various attitudes, feelings, beliefs and emotions, not through direct exposure to stimulus, but through observing how others react to it (learning by observation )

Answer 34

vicarious conditioning

Question 35

notices how the children's actions directly imitate the adult's

Answer 35

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll effect

Question 36

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

Answer 36

mirror neurons

Question 37

effects of exposure of media violence

Answer 37

children tend to be more aggressive

Question 38

our capacity for storing information permanently in long term memory is essentially unlimited. it is stored by clustering

Answer 38

capacity and duration of memories and how it is stored

Question 39

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know (in frontal lobe and hippocampus)

Answer 39

explicit/declarative memory

Question 40

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 40

effortful processing

Question 41

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection in cerebellum and basal ganglia)

Answer 41

implicit/undeclarative memory

Question 42

implict- can be retained (skills and conditioned responses) explicit- recall for episodes, start at the age 3

Answer 42

infantile amnesia

Question 43

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Answer 43

flashbulb memory

Question 44

an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Answer 44

long-term potentiation

Question 45

a medicine that impacts memory, receptors located on neuron membranes, and is an example of a transmembrane receptor

Answer 45

Glutamate

Question 46

a protein that switches on genes responsible for the development of new synapses

Answer 46

CREB

Question 47

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, and environment

Answer 47

recall

Question 48

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Answer 48

recognition

Question 49

which do we have a greater capacity for: recall or recognition?

Answer 49

recognition

Question 50

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Answer 50

relearning

Question 51

discovered the forgetting curve, he tested himself by memorizing and forgetting of nonsense three letter words.

Answer 51

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 52

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Answer 52

retrieval

Question 53

breaks into conceptual, contextual and emotional

Answer 53

how is retrieval like web association

Question 54

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

Answer 54

priming

Question 55

old-aged themed test= ppl walked down the hall more slowly than ppl with an upbeat wording test

Answer 55

John Bargh experiments.

Question 56

ppl primed with money related words were less likely to help people

Answer 56

experiments related to john bargh

Question 57

how much easier it is to retrieve certain memories when the context or circumstances around the memory are same for both the original encoding and retrieval

Answer 57

context-dependent memory

Question 58

a person who will better recall a memory when he is in the same state as when the memory was made.

Answer 58

state-dependent memory

Question 59

current mood helps recall of mood-congruent material, regardless of our moods at the time the material was stored.

Answer 59

mood-congruent memory

Question 60

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Answer 60

serial- position effect

Question 61

remembering those that come at the end of the list are more likely to be recalled than the others

Answer 61

recency effect

Question 62

remembering those that come at the beginning of the list are more likely to be recalled than the others

Answer 62

primacy effect

Question 63

a condition where a person remembers everything and never forgets

Answer 63

hyperthymesia

Question 64

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

Answer 64

retrograde amnesia

Question 65

inability to form new memories

Answer 65

anterograde amnesia

Question 66

removal of hippocampus caused him to stop seizures and be unable to form new memories only retained memories before surgery

Answer 66

the case of h.m.

Question 67

leads for forgetting. can be put into short term memory but fails before long term memory

Answer 67

encoding failure

Question 68

leads to forgetting, long term memory will decay if the memory is not used

Answer 68

storage decay

Question 69

leads to forgetting, a memory is in short term memory, encoded into long term and cannot be retrieved from long term

Answer 69

retrieval failure

Question 70

proactive- past info interferes with new retroactive- new info interferes with recalling old info

Answer 70

interference

Question 71

one who studied before sleeping recalled more than one who studied in the day bc daily activities acted as retroactive interference

Answer 71

retroactive interference and sleep

Question 72

old info makes it easier to retain new info

Answer 72

positive transfer

Question 73

choosing to forget or change our memories

Answer 73

motivated forgetting

Question 74

develops under the influence of the superego and the internalized feelings of anxiety, in ways leading to behavior that is illogical, self- destructive, or anti-social

Answer 74

sigmund frued's repression

Question 75

memory construction error, incorporates misleading information into one's memory of an event

Answer 75

misinformation effect

Question 76

simply picturing an event can make it seem like a real memory and once there is false memory people tend to add false memories to it

Answer 76

imagination inflation

Question 77

forgetting where the source came from and attributing the source to your own experience

Answer 77

source of amnesia

Question 78

feeling that you're in a situation that you think you have seen or been through before

Answer 78

deja vu

Question 79

students were falsely told they were ill from egg salad as a child, they tended to not eat egg salad

Answer 79

implanted memories

Question 80

ppl were asked to provide details about how they were lost at a mall when they were a child. incident didn't happen but ppl believed it did.

Answer 80

Elizabeth Loftus study

Question 81

can children report accurately on past events? are they susceptible to implanted memories?

Answer 81

No, yes

Question 82

mentally recreating the situation and the mood in which your original learning occurred.

Answer 82

retrieval cues

Question 83

build a network of retrieval cues by taking text and class notes in your own words and applying it to yourself

Answer 83

meaningful depth

Question 84

associate items with peg words to harness visual imagery skills to illustrate in your mind's eye that is to be remembered

Answer 84

mnemonic

Question 85

the mental potential to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Answer 85

intelligence

Question 86

assesses people's mental abilities and compares them with others, using numerical scores

Answer 86

intelligence tests

Question 87

concluded that there was one general intelligence, by performing a factor analysis

Answer 87

spearman's g

Question 88

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items

Answer 88

factor analysis

Question 89

intelligence may be broken down into:verbal comprehension, inductive reasoning, word fluency, spacial ability, memory, perceptual speed, numerical ability

Answer 89

turstones 7 cluster abilities

Question 90

our abilities are the best classified into 8 independent intelligences, which may include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts

Answer 90

gardner's 8 intelligences

Question 91

a condition in which a person with a mental disability, such as an autism spectrum disorder, demonstrates profound and prodigious capacities or abilities far in excess of what would be considered normal (stephen wiltshire)

Answer 91

savant syndrome

Question 92

pratical intelligence- complete tasks and manage complex situations analytical-solving a well defined problem with a single answer creative-generating new ideas to adapt to situations

Answer 92

sternbergs intelligence triarchy

Question 93

using creative ideas to adapt

Answer 93

creative intelligence

Question 94

left brain= zeroing in on a single answer

Answer 94

convergent thinking

Question 95

generating new ideas and options for multiple answers

Answer 95

divergent thinking

Question 96

``` expertise imaginative thinking venturesome personality intrinsic motivation creative environment ```

Answer 96

sternbergs 5 creativity components

Question 97

the ability to navigate and understand social situations

Answer 97

social intelligence

Question 98

processing/ managing emotional component of those social situations including one's own emotions

Answer 98

emotional intelligence

Question 99

perceiving emotions understanding emotions managing emotions using emotions

Answer 99

4 components of emotional intelligence

Question 100

genius oversize brain size of parietal love high brain activity in frontal and parietal lobe high connectivity among different regions extra gray matter

Answer 100

intelligence and brain anatomy

Question 101

speed of retrieving info from a memory speed of perceiving and processing sensory and perceptual information

Answer 101

intelligence and processing speeds

Question 102

refers to the activity and instruments used to measure intelligence

Answer 102

assessment

Question 103

study how ppl differ in ability match strengths and weaknesses to jobs and schools to help the survival the fittest process; finding the ppl with the greatest abilities

Answer 103

why measure intelligence?

Question 104

reviesed binet's iq test and established norms for american children

Answer 104

Lewis Terman

Question 105

founder of the field of inquiry now called differential Psychology, which concerns itself with psychological differences between people, rather than on common traits.

Answer 105

Francis Galton

Question 106

his test assessed mental age

Answer 106

Alfred Binet

Question 107

developed a way for scoring stanford-binet the created IQ, mental age/ actual age *100

Answer 107

William Stern

Question 108

measure what you already have learned

Answer 108

achievement test

Question 109

attempt to predict ability to learn new skills

Answer 109

aptitude tests

Question 110

tested general intelligence and provided subscores for verbal comprehension, processing speed, perceptual organization, working memory

Answer 110

Wechsler's intlligence test

Question 111

defining the meaning of scores based on a comparison of performance of others who have taken the test before

Answer 111

standardization tests

Question 112

retesting a sample of the general public to make an updated, accurate comparison group

Answer 112

re-standarization

Question 113

performance on intelligence tests has improved over the years, worldwide

Answer 113

the flynn effect

Question 114

reliable when it generates consistent results

Answer 114

reliability of standardization

Question 115

do two half of the test yield the same results?

Answer 115

spilt-half reliability

Question 116

will the test give the same result if the test were given again

Answer 116

test-retest reliability

Question 117

if it accurately measures what it is suppose to measure

Answer 117

validity

Question 118

the test correlates well with the relevant criterion, trait or behavior

Answer 118

content validity

Question 119

the test predicts future performance

Answer 119

predictive vadility

Question 120

examine ppl of different ages all at once adults to don't test as well as young adults

Answer 120

cross-sectional studies

Question 121

track the studies of one group of people or cohort, overtime. intelligence remains stable or increases over time.

Answer 121

longitudinal stuides

Question 122

rises during aging

Answer 122

vocabulary knowledge

Question 123

refers to the ability to think quickly and abstractly- decreases after 20/30

Answer 123

fluid intelligence

Question 124

refers to the accumulated wisdom, knowledge expertise and vocabulary increases w/ age

Answer 124

crystallized intelligence

Question 125

age at which intelligence tests will predict future perfomance

Answer 125

4

Question 126

age at which intelligence test scores stabilize

Answer 126

late adolscence

Question 127

70 or lower wechsler's intelligence

Answer 127

mental retardation

Question 128

130 or higher on weschler's intelligence test

Answer 128

gifted iq