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Bio 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the sum of chemical reactions inside a cell?

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

What is a catabolic reaction

A

breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones (hydrolysis)

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3
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

build up molecules from simpler ones

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4
Q

Which reaction releases energy?(exergonic)

A

catabolic

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5
Q

which reaction requires energy? (endergonic)

A

anabolic

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6
Q

What is energy?

A

the capacity to do work

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7
Q

What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?

A

kinetic is movement (ex: thermal E)

potential is position( ex: chemical E)

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8
Q

What is the study of energy?

A

thermodynamics

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9
Q

what is the first law of the conservation of E

A

the amount of energy in the universe is constant, energy cannot be created or destroyed

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10
Q

what is the second law of the conservation of E

A

every energy transformation involves an increase in entropy(s) = the amount of disorder in the universe.

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11
Q

is water evaporating an increase in entropy?

A

yes

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12
Q

what process creates a decrease in entropy because it must input energy?

A

anabolic

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13
Q

what does chemical reactions in cells do?

A

power life

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14
Q

What is gibbs free energy

A

the energy that is available to do work

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15
Q

Change in Delta “G” =?

A 
Gproducts- Greactants
types:
if negative( - ) releases E, spontaneous, exergonic
if positive( + ) requires energy, non. spon. endergonic
if 0 equilibrium, cannot do work.
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16
Q

what do spontaneous reactions drive?

A

non spon reactions

ex.) catabolic reactions release E–> feeds into anabolic rxns that require E

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17
Q

Delta G tells you nothing about what?

A

the speed of the reactant

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18
Q

What is activation Energy?

A
  • the Energy needed to reach transition state.

- It breaks old bonds and makes new ones

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19
Q

E,activation = G trans st. - ___________?

A

G reactions

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20
Q

The larger the activation energy the _________the reaction

A

slower

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21
Q

Enzymes are catalyst, what do they do?

A

they speed up a reaction Without being consumed.

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22
Q

Do enzymes change the delta G value?

A

NO

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23
Q

Do enzymes reduce Activation energy?

A

YES

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24
Q

Fig 3.13

A

look up

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25
Q

How do enzymes lower Activation energy?

A

the enzymes active sight binds a reactant(substrate) through multiple weak/temp interactions that form through spontaneous exergonic rxns that feed into lowering Eact.
- this accounts for enzyme specificity

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26
Q

Metabolic pathways.

  1. ) ______ and _________ pathways consist of series of chemical reactions.
  2. ) The____ of one reaction is the ________ for the next reaction?
  3. ) how does a cell maintain a constant environment with all this chem activity?
A
  1. catabolic, anabolic
  2. product, substrate
  3. regulation of enzymes
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27
Q

How do you regulate the metabolism by regulation of Enzymes?

A
  1. ) change the amount of enzyme

2. ) change the activity of enzyme

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28
Q

which inhibitors bind permenantly to the active site of an enzyme and completely shut off the enzyme activity?

A

irreversible inhibitors

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29
Q

which enzymes bind to an enzyme through temporary, non- covalent interactions?

A

reversible inhibitors

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30
Q

Which inhibitor is similar in shape of the substrate and blocks it from binding?

A

competitive

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31
Q

which inhibitor does not bind to an active sight and when it binds to the enzyme it cuases the enzyme to change shape?

A

What non- competitive

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32
Q

What does Allo/steric mean?

A

Allo= different

steric=shape

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33
Q

Allosteric regulation

  1. which regulation is non-competitive inhibitors?
  2. which is allosteric activators?
A
  1. negative regulation

2. positive regulation

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34
Q

How do regulator molecules bind?

A

through non covalent and covalent attachment
non covalent = attaching a larger regulatory molecule GTP & ATP
covalent = attaching a phosphate enzyme

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35
Q

what Is feedback inhibition?

A

product of the reaction inhibits the enzyme. (competitive inhibition)

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36
Q

What are the regulations of the environment?

A

pH. and temperature

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37
Q

what happens in pH inhibition?

A

all enzymes have an optimum pH

higher or lower enzymes can affect the enzyme and make it unfold and lose structure

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38
Q

what happens in Temperature inhibition?

A

enzymes have an optimum temp.
to high= denature
to slow= slows enzyme

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39
Q

co factors

A

help enzyme do its job, non protein partners. Metal ions are z2+ Fe2+ Fe3+
they are large molecules that temporarily bind to the enzyme
prosthetic groups - bind to enzyme permanantly

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40
Q

Chemical regulation is often the form of__________

A

inhibitors

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41
Q

When you determine the shape of the substrate you should first______________

A

determine the shape of the inhibitor

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42
Q

you can observe a _________ by adding more_______

A

competitive inhibitor, substrate

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43
Q

___________ inhibitor can be over come by the addition of more substrate

A

non competitive

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44
Q

in __________- we break _______________– which result in an explosion of energy

A

digestion, covalent bonds

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45
Q

What are the three steps of cell theory?

A
  1. cells are the fundamental (smallest) units of life
  2. all living things are made of cells
  3. all cells come from pre existing cells
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46
Q

1600 microscopes were invented.

  1. ) Schleiden (botanist) honored with____________
  2. ) Schwan (physiologist) described______________
A

connection as cells being living

2 several different types of animal cells

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47
Q

Why are cells small?

A

maximize SA: Volmume ration

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48
Q

What does surface area on a cell determine

A

import and export rates

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49
Q

what does volume determine on a cell membrane?

A

metabolic activity

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50
Q

All cells have

A

plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, ribosomes

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51
Q

ribosomes can be ______,_________,__________________

A

free, bound, made of rRNA + several small proteins

proteins are referred to as scaffolding.

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52
Q

What does rRNA do? what do proteins hold together?

A

synthesizes proteins. ribosomes

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53
Q

what are prokaryotic features?

A 
nucleoid
cytoskeleton= protein filaments
only in some:(below)
cell wall= peptidoglycan
capsule= slimy layer of carbs
flagella = flapping appendage
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54
Q

what is in the endomembrane system?

A 
nucleus 
ER
Golgi
lysosomes
Plasma membrane
vesicles
(all are bud infused)
55
Q

What do transport vesicles do? what is the outside and inside called/?

A

transport protein, cytosol, lumen

56
Q

what is the difference between chromosomes and chromatin?

A 
chromosomes = just DNA
CHromatin = DNA + packaging protein there role is for DNA condensing
57
Q

what is the function of a nucleus

A

DNA replication
RNA transcription
make ribosomes

58
Q

where are ribosomes made?

A

nucleolus - double membrane with nuclear pores

59
Q

WHat does the Nucleus connect to ?

A

ER which have lots of SA

60
Q

Why is the Rough ER rough? Ribosomes are and are joined through?

A

There are ribosomes on it, protein factories, dehydration

61
Q

The smooth ER produces____________ and is the store house for __________

A

lipids and steroids, Ca^2+

ex. sacroplamic ret. = detox
ex. H2O2

62
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

protein modification & sorting

Modification = covalently attaching chemicals to proteins, proteins = carbs

63
Q

Does the Golgi have polarity? is it attached?

A

yes and no

64
Q

what happens in the vesicular transport model?

A

vesical fuses to cis face. buds off working through Golgi, once all the way through it leaves. Fig. 4.9

65
Q

Lysosomes are full of _________

A

hydrolytic enzymes, go through hydrolysis reaction

66
Q

what is the pH of the lumen and cytosol in a lysosome?

A

4, 7.2

67
Q

Lysosome

A

mem have h+ pump protein
-optimal pH enzymes work best at
-the pH 4 protects cytosolic molecules from digestion if lysosome bursts
-

68
Q

The greater the H the more ________- the environment becomes in a lysosome

A

acidic

69
Q

_________- is when a cell brings in external materials for digestion through a phagosome

A

phagocytosis

70
Q

what is a primary 1* lysosome/

A

buds from the trans face of Golgi

-fusion of phagosome to 1* lysosome = 2* lysosome

71
Q

_______ is when lysosomes pick up and clean up old work out organelles, break them down and recycle

A

autophagy

72
Q

Mitochondria (power house) deals with

A

cellular respiration

73
Q

What is the mitochondria’s structure ? why is the matrix folded for max SA?

A 
Inner membrane
matrix :
-2nd cell that contains DNA( a little) 
-ribosomes
-enzymes
it is folded because the more SA the more ATP that  an be produced for cellular respiration
74
Q

Chloroplasts contain _______

A

chlorophyll which absorbs light and turns it into chemical energy

75
Q

structure of chloroplasts

A

inner and outer membrane
thylakoid - where photosynthesis occurs
granum = stacks
stroma = liquid

76
Q

peroxisomes are parnters with the _______ ER and help in detox. they accumulate ______- and make _________

A

smooth, h2o2, H2O

77
Q

are vacuoles are larger in plant or animal cells?

A

plant take up 90%

78
Q

Vacuoles in animals are

A

food vacuoles

79
Q

vacuoles in plants

A 
storage
-waste
-poisons or bad tasting compounds
-pigments
-cell growth/elongation
=turger pressure filaments of plant
80
Q

what is the function of a Eukaryotic cytoskeleton?

A

support, motility

81
Q

what are microfilaments? what do they do?

A

thin, solid rods, made of protein called actin

  • support cell shape
  • amoeboid movement
  • work with motor protein myosm to cause muscle contraction
82
Q

where do active filaments tend to lye?

A

just inside cell membrane

83
Q

Intermediate filaments are? and do _______?

A

tough rope like materials

  • made up of karatin
  • helps cell to withstand mechanical stress
  • remain in tact after cell death
84
Q

what are microtubules? and their functions?

A

thick hollow tubes of tubulin

  • guide organelle movement
  • separation of chromosomes I mitosis
  • cilia and flagella****special
85
Q

what is the order in diameter from biggest to smallest of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments?

A

Microtubules, intermediate, microfilaments

86
Q

Cell wall is made up of______________ which is strong and fibrous.

A

cellulose: cell wall is also known as the skeleton of the plant cell.

87
Q

plasmodesmata are_________ that help the plant cell to share ________ and C_________

A

cytoplasmic pores, nutrients, communicate

88
Q

The Extracellular Matrix has secreted _______ that realeas _______ to outside the cell

A

proteins fig. 4.17

89
Q

What is the rold of the ECM

A

protection

  • holds cells together to make tissues
    ex. epithelial tissue
90
Q

What are the three types of junctions in the ECM

A

tight, desmosomes, gap junctions

91
Q

what is a tight junction in the ECM?

A

seals cells so tightly that even fluid cannot pass between them.

92
Q

what are desmosomes junctions?

A

additional support to hold cells together, withstand mechanical stress.

93
Q

what are Gap junctions in the ECM?

A

cytoplasmic pores

94
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

amphipathic molecules
form a bilayer
have non polar hydrocarbon tails away from water and
expose hydrophilic head groups to water.

95
Q

Is cholesterol hydrophobic?

A

most of it is except its OH group

96
Q

what is the most common length of a phospholipid tail?

a. ) 16-18
b. ) 17-24
c. )14-15

A

a.)16-18

97
Q

what does the length of a tail mean on a phospholipid/

A 
longer= less fluid(solid/gel)
shorter= more fluid
98
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated phospholipid tails?

A

saturated(no C=C double bonds) less fluid

unsaturated( has C=C db bonds) more fluid

99
Q

what maintains membrane integrity in extreme temperatures?

A

cholesterol

100
Q

where is cholesterol packed?

A

between phospholipids.

101
Q

where is cholesterol packed?

A

between phospholipids.

102
Q

Low temp = what for cholesteraol and PL tails?

A

cholesterol= antifreeze

prevents PL’s from packing to close

103
Q

High temp = what for cholesterol and PL tails

A

cholesterol = glue

hold’s PL’s together to prevent melting of the membrane.

104
Q

__________- are carbohydrates covalently attached to a lipid embedded in the membrane.

A

glycolipids.

105
Q

__________ are carbohydrates covalently attached to a membrane protein

A

glycoproteins.

poteoglycons - long carb train attached to protein

106
Q

function of membrane carbs

A

cell to cell recognition.
signaling sites
cell-cell adhesion

107
Q

what is audity?

A

the movement of molecules through the membrane

108
Q

what is the lateral diffusion?

A

move side to side. Very fast. 10^7 ties per second

109
Q

what is flip flop diffusion

A

movement from one leaflet to another.
happens like once per month
not favorable for hydrophobic head to move through hydrophilic tails. (enzymes would be required to make this happen faster)

110
Q

fluidity is determined by…

A

unsat and sat fats.

  1. % of unsat and sat fats
  2. increase amount of cholesterol = more solid membrane
  3. increase amount of protein = more solid membrane
111
Q

what type of diffusion is spontaneous and does not require energy?

A

passive

112
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the tendency to spread out.

113
Q

what are affecting factors of diffusion?

A

smaller size = faster diffusion
higher temp = faster diffusion
high concentration = low diffusion

114
Q

what is concentration gradient?

A

two areas w different solute composition.

115
Q

simple diffusion

A

solutes are hydrophobic

116
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

solutes are hydrophilic. and require transport proteins.

117
Q

what is osmosis?

A

passive transport across a membrane

h20)high–>H20(low

118
Q

what is hypertonic? what is another name for it?

A

high solute outside so H20 moves out(shrinks)

Crenate= shrink

119
Q

hat is hypotonic? and another name for it?

A

low solute outside, H20 moves in

lyse = burst

120
Q

what is Isotonic?

A

solute on outside = solute on inside

121
Q

what are channel proteins?

A

hydrophilic tunes
can be gated open/close based on a stimulus
s

122
Q

what are carrier proteins?

A

bind the transported substance

proteins change shape upon binding to transported molecule

123
Q

What is active transport?

A

it occurs from low–> high and is non spontaneous

124
Q

Primary active transport

A

E source is ATP (chem energy for cell)

125
Q

when you change the shape you change the_________

A

function

126
Q

what is Phosphorylation?

A

when you add a phosphate group

127
Q

on ATP are the bonds high energy and unstable?

A

yes

128
Q

what are synonyms for Secondary active transport?

A

co transport, couple transport

129
Q

secondary active transport what is it?

A

when passive transport powers the active transport?

130
Q

what is phagocytosis/

A

“cellular eating” bring substance in through phagosome and fuses with lysosome so contents are digested.

131
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

“cellular drinking” continuous spontaneous non specific intake fluids disovled in substance

132
Q

what is signal transduction pathway?

A
  1. ) reception- cells will bind a signal from outside cell
  2. ) transduction - domino pathway sets of chemical reactions in cell(allosteric affect)
  3. ) response - cell changes its behavior.
133
Q

types of signals are

  1. ) Local -
  2. ) long distance -
A
  1. ) autocrine - cell talks to itself

2. ) procrine - signals nearby cells

134
Q

types of receptors

  1. )cytosolic
  2. )cell- surface
A
  1. ) receive hydrophobic signals - easily pass thru membrane
    - effect = sent to nucleus change gene expression
  2. ) cell - surface receptors
    - recieive hydrophilic signals
    - effect = receptor changes shape and triggers internal cascade

Bio 101 (2 decks)

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