Exam 2 Flashcards
What are some things that all cells have?
- A library of genes
- a protective boundary form the outside world called a membrane
- The machinery needed for the cell to function- to survive and reproduce
What are the functions of proteins?
Selective gates (to let certain things from the outside world inside of the cell, and let things from inside the cell outside the cell)
Cell to cell adhesion (causes them to stick together)
Recognise molecules outside the cell
What is a membrane made out of?
Fat (cholesterol) and protein
Who is Robert Hooke?
o Discovered things in math, physics, biology
o One of the first people to look inside a microscope
o He took cork and made very thin section of cork, put them in a microscope, and he saw little spaces in the material
o The spaces reminded him of the cells that minks lived in, so he named these spaces “cells”
What is the nucleus?
Where chromosomes are
Where the genotype can be found
What are ribosomes?
Where messenger RNA codons make specific connections with transfer RNA carrying amino acids (translation- the final stage of the manufacturing of a protein)
What does the mitochondrion do?
o Cells that are more active have more mitochondria than cells that are not active
o Makes energy… this is called respiration
o Glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + ATP
What are some characteristics of genetic codes?
- They are universal
- They are redundant
What are codons?
• Codons are groups of three nucleotide sequences within chains of mRNA.
o Codons specify particulate amino acids according to the universal genetic code.
o Since the genetic code is universal, the same gene will be transcribed the translated into the same protein in all cells and organisms.
What is the central dogma?
o The instructions to make a phenotype move in one direction only
o DNA → RNA → Protein (first arrow is a transcription and the second is a translation)
o However, there are organisms out there that can reverse the process of transcription
What is the drug called AZT?
o One of the first drugs developed to inhibit reverse transcription
o AZT doesn’t work so well anymore because the virus is evolving into resistance against the drug
o In this case, we are always forced to develop the next generation of drugs
What is cell theory?
o These cells arise from the reproduction of existing cells.
o Different cells have different structures and function.
o Viruses don’t have cells and cant independently reproduce
