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Gen Path > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Increase in cell number associated with an increase in organ size

A

Hyperplasia

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2
Q

An increase in cell size associated with an increase in organ size?

A

Hypertrophy

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3
Q

A three day old foal with a small thymus might have which thymic disturbance of growth?

A

Atrophy

Hypoplasia

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4
Q

Testicular sertoli cell tumors occasionally induce which of the following disturbances of growth in prostatic epithelium

A

Metaplasia

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5
Q

Which process regresses with stimulus removal?

A

Hyperplasia

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6
Q

Which is a malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

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7
Q

Important diagnostic criteria for benign and malignant tumors?

A

Differentiation/anaplasia
Rate of growth
Local invasiveness
Metastasis

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8
Q

A malignant neoplasm of urinary bladder epithelium

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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9
Q

Common mutations in genes associated with cancer

A

Apoptosis regulating genes
Proto-onco genes
Tumor supressor genes
DNA repair genes

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10
Q

Which proto-onco gene is commonly mutated in cancer?

A

P53

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11
Q

Which is highly expressed in malignant neoplastic cells to promote angiogenesis

A

VEGF

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12
Q

Gene that serves as “Guardian of the Genome” to block growth of mutated cells and control DNA repair

A

P53

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13
Q

What enzymes play a roll in tumor breakdown of extracellular matrix in invasion and metastasis

A

Plasminogen activator

Matrix metalloproteases

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14
Q

Which protein is broken down in epithelial cells to mediate loosening of intracellular junctions prior to invasion/metastasis

A

E-cadherin

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15
Q

Tumor cells evade immunologic destruction by

A

Producing inmunnosuppressive molecules
Develop antigen negative variants
Reduce MCH molecule expression

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16
Q

Hypercalcemia in apocrine gland adenocarcinoma in anal sac in dogs is mediated by

A

PTHrP

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17
Q

Which proteins are important in mediating cancer cachexia

A

TNF-a
Proteolysis inducing factor
Lipid mobilizing factor

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18
Q

Chronic inflammatory reactions in most tissues are characterized by

A

Fibrosis

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19
Q

One mechanism that contributes to effective parasite larval killing by eosinophils

A

Major basic protein

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20
Q

Macrophages can differentiate into

A

Epithelioid cells

Multinucleated giant cells

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21
Q

Which mediator is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes?

A

CCL3/MIP-alpha1

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22
Q

Which mediator is strongly chemotactic for neutrophils

A

CXCL8/IL-8

LTB4

C5a

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23
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions contribute to tissue damage via what mechanisms?

A

CD-8 T cell cytotoxicity

Cell-mediated immunity with cytokine/lymphokine mediated indirect effects

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24
Q

Histamine increases vascular permeability at the level of capillaries and venules via which mechanism?

A

Endothelial cell contraction

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25
Q

Which inflammatory cell is long-lived, can divide locally in tissue, and regulates immune and repair responses?

A

Macrophage

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26
Q

Which growth factors stimulates endothelial proliferation in repair

A

VEGF

Basic FGF

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27
Q

Which mediate pain in an inflammatory reaction

A

PGE 2

Bradykinin

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28
Q

Which cell releases vasoactive amines and arachidonic acid metabolites to upregulate inflammatory reactions

A

Mast cell

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29
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency has been described in which animals

A

Holstein cattle

Irish setters

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30
Q

Which pathogenic mechanism of edema contributes significantly to protein-rich edema fluid in inflammatory reactions

A

Increased vascular permeability

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31
Q

Which molecules on leukocytes and epithelial cells respectively mediate leukocyte rolling?

A

Leukocyte: Sialy-Lewis X modified glycoprotein

Endothelial cell: E selectin

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32
Q

Which molecules in leukocytes and endothelial cells mediate leukocyte adhesion on endothelial cells preceding transmigration during inflammation

A

Leukocyte: Integrin (CD11/CD18)

Endothelial cell: ICAM-1

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33
Q

Inciting stimuli of granulomatous inflammation

A

Particulates resisting lysosomal degradation

Persisting molecules that stimulate T-cell hypersensitivity

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34
Q

Chemical mediators for vasodilation

A

PGE2
Histamine
NO

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35
Q

Neutrophil-Endothelial cell surface molecules that mediate “rolling”

A

Sialyl-Lewis

X selectin

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36
Q

Holstein cattle and Irish Setter dogs have a deficiency in

A

Integrin (CD18)

37
Q

Fibrous vs Fibrinous

A

Fibrous: product of a repair process

Fibrinous: inflammatory exudate

38
Q

Suppurative inflammatory reactions are often induced by

A

Bacteria

39
Q

Eosinophilic inflammatory reactions are often induced by

A

Nematode parasites

40
Q

Macrophage-dominated (granulomatous) inflammatory reactions are often induced by

A

Fungi and mycobacteria

41
Q

Which type of inflammatory cell is often associated with liquefactive necrosis

A

Neutrophil

42
Q

Chemical mediators of vascular permeability

A 
Histamine
C3a
C5a
Bradykinin 
Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4
PAF
43
Q

Chemical mediators of chemotaxis/activation

A 
Chemokines (IL-28)
C5a
LTB4
Microbial products
Fibrinopepties
44
Q

What chemical mediators have potent chemotactic activity for neutrophils?

A

c5a
LTB4
IL-8/CXCL8

45
Q

Inflammatory cells central to granulomatous inflammation

A

Macrophages
Multinucleated giant cells
Epithelioid cells

46
Q

Granulomatous inflammation is almost always

A

Chronic

47
Q

Potent inducers of angiogenesis

A

VEGF

Beta FGF

48
Q

Type 1 anaphylactic sensitivity reactions can be mediated by

A

IgG

IgE

49
Q

Which inflammatory mediator plays a central role in anaphylaxis?

A

Histamine

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

50
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions can be mediated by

A

IgG

IgM

51
Q

Tissue injury in a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by

A

T-cell induction of granulomatous inflammation

Direct T-cell toxicity

52
Q

Neutrophil-endothelial surface molecules that mediate “rolling”

A

Sialyl-Lewis X - selectin

53
Q

Which conditions favor tissue repair by fibrosis

A

Lack of renewable cell population
Prolonged/severe injury
Loss of basement membrane
Large amount of exudate

54
Q

What conditions favor tissue regeneration

A

Mild/brief injury
Maintenance of basement membrane
Small amount of exudate
Available renewable cell population

55
Q

Which tissues are highly susceptible to repair by fibrosis or scarring because they lack dividing renewable cell populations?

A

Myocardial myocytes

Cerebral cortical neurons

56
Q

Most potent inducers of angiogenesis

A

VEGF

B-FGF

57
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivities can be mediated by

A

IgE

IgG

58
Q

Type III hypersensitivities can be mediated by

A

IgG

IgM

59
Q

Type IV hypersensitivities can be mediated by

A

CD4

CD8

60
Q

What are potent chemotactic factors for neutrophils?

A

LTB4

IL-8

61
Q

What is a chemokine that promotes macrophage activation and differentiation to giant cells and epithelioid cell in granulomatous inflammation

A

INF-gamma

62
Q

What accounts for neutrophils generally being the first cells to react to inflammation

A

Neutrophils are highly motile

High circulating numbers of neutrophils in peripheral blood

Neutrophils are responsive to a wide array of chemotactic substances

63
Q

Which factors stimulate fibroblast proliferation?

A

B-FGF
TNF-a
TGF-b
PDGF

64
Q

All inflammatory reactions are classified by

A

Increased blood flow
Increased vascular permeability
Leukocytic exudation

65
Q

Direct vs Indirect acting carcinogens

A

Direct: require no metabolic conversion

Indirect: require metabolic conversion (most seen in vet med)

66
Q

What is the best factor when assessing chronicity when examining inflammation microscopically

A

Fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis

67
Q

Examples of a stable cell

A

Non-ciliated bronchial epithelial cell

Renal tubular epitheliam

68
Q

Chemokine that is a potent chemotactic factor for macrophages/monocytes

A

MIP-1a

69
Q

Growth factor released from macrophages that has paradoxical effect of promoting fibroblast proliferation and inhibiting epithelial proliferation

A

TGF-b

70
Q

What is commonly generated in thrombosis and is chemitactic for macrophages

A

Fibrinopeptides

71
Q

In granulation tissue, blood vessels are often arranged parallel to one another and in what orientation to exudates surface

A

Perpendicular

72
Q

C5a contributes to immune complex injury by

A

Neutrophil chemotaxis

Increased vascular permeability

73
Q

Mediator that is strongly chemotactic for eosinophils

A

Eotaxin (CCL11)

74
Q

Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivities contribute to the acceleration of granulomatous inflammation mediated largely by lymphocyte production of

A

INF-g

75
Q

Common diagnostic methods in cancer diagnosis

A

Immunohistochemistry
Flow cytometry
Molecular analysis

76
Q

Necrosis of epithelium and damage to basement membrane

A

Ulcer

77
Q

Which factors lead to the generation of serum-derived inflammatory mediators

A

Hageman factor
Kallikrien
Fibrinogen

78
Q

Cancer Grading

A

LOOKS AT MASS

Based on degree of differentiation

Mast cell tumors (Patnaik, Kiupel Grading)

Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma

79
Q

Staging

A

LOOKS AT WHOLE PATIENT

Determined by surgical exploration or imaging

Based on size, local and regional lymph node spread, and distant metastases

TNM system of classification

80
Q

Released by neutrophils and macrophages during chronic inflammation that mediates cell and tissue damage

A

Superoxide anion

81
Q

What upregulates expression of integrins on leukocytes?

A

IL-1

TNF-a

82
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

A

Hypercalcemia

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

Endocrinopathy

83
Q

Order of cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, M

84
Q

Acute inflammatory reactions are characterized by large numbers of both necrotic and non-necrotic neutrophils due to

A

Neutrophils are highly motile
Respond to a wide array of chemotactic factors
Have a half-life of less than 24 hours
Release chemotactic factors that recruit other neutrophils

85
Q

Necrosis of epithelium WITHOUT damage of basement membrane

A

Erosion

86
Q

Pathways of cancer spread

A

Lymphatics (carcinomas)

Hematogenous (sarcomas)

87
Q

Big themes in cancer

A
  1. Non-lethal genetic damage
  2. Clonal expansion
  3. Target regulatory genes
  4. Accumulation of mutations
88
Q

Tumor supressor genes

A

RB

P53

89
Q

Carcinogenic agents

A

Chemical
Radiation
Microbial

Gen Path (1 decks)

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