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EXAM 2 (biology 189) > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Transport energy is not always released where you need the energy at. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

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2
Q

What kind of classes of molecules are used to transport energy?

A

ANY cells; It is universal to all cells (prokaryotic cells/ Eukaryotic cells)

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3
Q

Electron carriers are also known as

A

Energy Carrier rmolecules

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4
Q

ATP: What Is It & Why Is It Important?

A

For your muscles – in fact, for every cell in your body – the source of energy that keeps everything going is called ATP. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the biochemical way to store and use energy.

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5
Q

Chemically, ATP is an adenine nucleotide bound to ____ __________.

A

3 phosphates (bonds) and a ribose sugar

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6
Q

There is a lot of energy stored in the bond between the second and third phosphate groups that can be used to fuel ________ _________.

A

chemical reactions

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7
Q

In SOME instances, the second phosphate group can also be broken to form WHAT?

A

AMP; adenosine monophosphate, because AMP only has 1 adenine, 1 ribose sugar and 1 phosphate

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8
Q

NADH and NADPH are what?

A

High-energy electron carriers

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9
Q

NADP+ (+) 2 e- and H+ —> ________

A

NADPH (more energy rich, high electrons)

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10
Q

NAD+ (+) 2 e- and H+ —–> ________

A

NADH

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11
Q

The Calvin cycle takes place in the ________

A

stroma

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12
Q

The light reactions take place in the ___________

A

thylakoids

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13
Q

Each chloroplasts has a network of internal membranes that contain _____- _________ pigments, including the green pigment __________.

A
  • light-absorbing

* chlorophyll

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14
Q

Name the 3 structures of the Chloroplast.

A

1) Double membrane
2) Stroma
3) Thylakoid disks

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15
Q

Whats a Stroma?

A

An internal fluid of the inner compartment of the chloroplast

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16
Q

What a Thylakoid disks?

A

A membranous disk with pigments and an internal thylakoid space

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17
Q

What would happen if we had Chloroplasts?

A

we would be green

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18
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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19
Q

Photosynthesis is an inorganic carbon. True or False

A

True

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20
Q

Whats a Photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the process used by plants, algae and certain bacteria to harness energy from sunlight(solar energy) into chemical energy.

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21
Q

Name the 2 reactions of photosynthesis.

A

1) Light reactions(thylakoid disks)

2) Calvin Cycle

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22
Q

Light reactions capture _____ _______

A

light energy

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23
Q

Light reactions take place on __________

A

thylakoids

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24
Q

Light reactions use the pigment ______

A

chlorophyll

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25
Q

Light reactions _______ solar energy into ______ energy

A
  • CONVERT ( remember, conversion is NOT the same as making it)
  • Chemical
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26
Q

The Calvin Cycle occurs in the ______

A

stroma

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27
Q

Calvin cycle use the energy produced by the _____ _________

A

light reactions

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28
Q

Calvin Cycle synthesizes sugar from ______

A

CO2

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29
Q

Name the 3 Redox reactions

A

1) oxidation-reduction AKA redox
2) oxidation
3) reduction

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30
Q

Whats an oxidation-reduction aka redox?

A

the transfer of electrons, when atom A electrons are going to atom B.

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31
Q

Whats an oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons

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32
Q

Whats a reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

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33
Q

Potential energy can be stored in an object based on its ________

A

position

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34
Q

Electrons can store _____ or ______ potential energy based on their position. (like an electron occupying an orbital; 8 electrons etc)

A
  • more

* less

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35
Q

What does it mean for an electron to be in an “ Excited state?”

A

It means that it has more stored energy

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36
Q

Why would electrons try to release their extra store energy?

A

because they are less stable, so they will absorb it, and TRY get rid of it.

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37
Q

Energy from sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules to a higher _____ ________

A

energy state

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38
Q

The closely packed arrangement of _______ molecules in an antenna complex facilitates the transfer of high-energy electrons from one _______ molecule to another (slide pic)

A
  • chlorophyll

* pigment

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39
Q

High energy electrons from chlorophyll are transferred to the electron _______ _______

A

transport chain

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40
Q

What does Chlorophyll Antennae capture?

A

It Captures energy from light

41
Q

Chlorophyll Antennae pass energy to _______ centers in the form of _________ electrons

A
  • reaction

* energized

42
Q

Two types of photosystems: Photosystem I and Photosystem II cooperate _____ reactions

A

light

43
Q

H2O splitting splits water to ____, ____, and __________

A
  • O (oxygeb
  • H (hydrogen)
  • electrons
44
Q

NADPH system receives electrons from the first to reduce NADP+ into ______

A

NADPH

45
Q

______ is used in both photosystems to energize the electrons

A

Light

46
Q

The light reactions generate ATP and ______

A

NADPH

47
Q

Name the 2 types of chemical energy produced during the light reactions

A

1) ATP
2) NADPH
(both store in the phosphate bond)
(transport to make sugar; calvin cycle)

48
Q

Water-splitting photosystem is the splitting of _____

A

H2O; ELECTRONS, O2 AND H+

49
Q

Energized electrons enter electron ______ ______

A

electron transport chain (ETC)

50
Q

Energy from electron transport used to pump H+ across ______ ________

A

thylakoid membrane

51
Q

Water- splitting photosystem generates ______ gradient

A

proton

52
Q

NADPH-PRODUCES ______________

A

Photosystem

53
Q

Light recharges electrons, they enter a _____ electron transport chain

A

shorter

54
Q

NADPH is produced from3 things. NAME THEM

A

1) NADP+ from stroma
2) Electrons from photosystem 1
3) Hydrogen ions from stroma

55
Q

As electrons move down the electron transport chain of photosytem 2, a channel proteins pumps protons from the _____ into the __________ space

A
  • stroma

* thylakoid space

56
Q

The electron received from photosystem 2 gets an extra boost of energy from the _____ absorbed by the __________ antenna complex. (slide pic)

A
  • light

* photosystem 1

57
Q

H+ gradient represents ______ energy and it is used by ____ synthase

A
  • stored

- ATP

58
Q

H+ movement through ATP synthase drives _______________

A

phosphorylation ( ADP–>ATP)

59
Q

When photosystems 1 and 2 are operating in series, the electrons ultimately are transferred to NADPH+, which is ______ to ______

A
  • reduced

- NADPH

60
Q

Because of the imbalance in the concentration of protons across the thylakoid membrane, protons move from the ________ space to the stroma via ATP synthase, driving ____ production.

A
  • thylakoid

- ATP

61
Q

Photosystem 1 differs from photosystem 2 in that it produces ATP. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE.

it produces NADPH

62
Q

The calvin cycle is sugar from ____

A

CO2; CARBON fixation

63
Q

What does photosystem 2 do?

A

It oxidizes water and transfers electrons to photosystem 1

64
Q

What does photosystem 1 do?

A

It generates NADPH

65
Q

What do photosystem 1 and 2 do?

A

Utilize phosphoralation to generate ATP (production of ATP)

66
Q

Whats a granum?

A

a stack of thylakoids

67
Q

Whats phosphorylation?

A

Adding a phosphate

68
Q

What is the source of electrons which end up getting added to glucose during photosynthesis?

A

h2o

69
Q

For non-photosynthesizing organisms (mostly consumers/heterotrops) energy is acquired from _____ molecules

A

food

70
Q

Energy transfer in nonliving systems can be explosive. A combustion can be an example of?

A

Carbon in wood or gasoline + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + energy

71
Q

Energy transfer in cells controlled means Carbon in food + o2 —-> _____ + ______ + _________

A

CO2
h2o
ENERGY

72
Q

WhatS the chemical for cellular respiration?

A

C6H1206 + 6O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H20

73
Q

Cellular respiration ________ the energy stored in the sugar.

A

releases

74
Q

Cellular respiration _______ the activities of the cell

A

power

75
Q

Cellular respiration breaks down molecules for ______

A

energy

76
Q

What are the 3 steps for Cellular respiration?

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Krebs cycle
3) Oxidative phosphorylation

77
Q

What does glycolysis do? Also, Give the stage, location, and production.

A 
Stage 1 of cellular respiration
Location: cytoplasm near mitochondria
What happens: glucose(sugar) is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate (2 3-carbon compounds)
Reactant: 1Glucose
Products: 2Pyruvates
Produces: 2 ATP, 2 NADH (net
78
Q

What does the krebs cycle AKA Citric Acid Cycle do? Also, Give the stage, location, and production.

A

Stage 2 of cellular respiration
Location: matrix of mitochondria
What happens: breaks down organic molecules into CO2, makes small amounts of ATP(energy carriers), provides electrons

79
Q

What does Oxidative phosphorylation do? Also, Give the stage, location, and production.

A

Stage 3 of cellular respiration
Location: inner membrane and inner membrane space of mitochondria
What happens: ((Use oxygen to produce ATP))electrons passed from NADH to electron transport chain, then chemiosmosis happens aka H+ gradient; later the 02 accepts electrons, producing water–> produces 32 ATP

80
Q

Glycolysis needs oxygen. T or F

A

False.

-which is why its anarobic

81
Q

Krebs cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation need oxygen.

A

True.

-which is why its aerobic respiration

82
Q

Why does electron transfer from organic molecules to oxygen release energy?

A
  • amount of energy stored in electrons depends on what molecules they are part of, which determines their position.
  • when e- move from glucose to 02 they ‘‘fall” to lower energy position
  • this ‘‘fall’’ releases energy coupled to energy carrier production in cellular respiration
83
Q

NADH and electron transport chains; the electrons move from glucose to _______ in steps. The small amount of energy _________ at each step.

A
  • oxygen

- released/ harnessed

84
Q

What happens in an Electron Transport Chain?

A

1st part of stage 3 of cellular respiration
Location: inner membrane
What happens: NADH and FADH2 are shuttled along the ETC to oxygen, the final electron acceptor. Proteins in the ETC use energy from released electrons to shuttle H+ against concentration gradient into the inner membrane space

85
Q

What is Chemiosomosis?

A

Location: inner membrane space, inner membrane, matrix
What happens: energy from H+ concentration in inner membrane space drives H+ through ATP synthase, which activates catalytic sites that attach a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

86
Q 
Staring witht he two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules produced by the nreak down of glucose during GLYCOLYSIS, the krebs cycle produces 
\_\_\_ molecules of C02
\_\_\_ molecules of reduced \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_ molecules of reduced \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_ molecules of ATP
A
  • 6
  • 8, NADH
  • 2, FADH2
  • 2
87
Q

What is an electron transport chain?

A
  • releases the energy your cells need to make most of their ATP
  • high-energy electrons passed protein to protein, release small amonts of energy with each transfer
  • final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is O2
  • electrons with hydrogen ions bind to oxygen to form h20
88
Q

High energy electrons in _____ are donated to the electron transport chain embedded in the inner __________ membrane

A
  • NADH

- mitochondrial

89
Q

As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, protons are pumped from the matrix into the ___________ space, creating proton _______ across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A
  • intermembrane

- imbalance

90
Q

Oxygen is required as the final electron _____, In this final electron transfer, O2 picks up __ electrons and 4 protons and forms ______.

A
  • acceptor
  • 4
  • water
91
Q

the passage of accumulated protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix through ____ _________ drives this enzyme complex to produce ATP

A

ATP synthase

92
Q

What is the last step of cellular respiration where the majority of the ATP is formed?

A

Oxidative phospphorylation

93
Q

For a SINGLE molecule of glucose

  • glycolysis produces ___ ATP
  • kREBS cycle produces ___ ATP
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation produces ___ ATP
  • For a GRAND TOTAL OF ___ ATP
A
  • 2
  • 2
  • 32
  • 36
94
Q

What is Aerobic Respiration?

A
  • oxygen is present
  • takes place in the cytoplasm
  • breakdown of C-C fpr energy is most efficient with oxygen gas O2 as e- acceptor
  • high energy e- transferred from the sugar C-C to O, releasing energy
95
Q

What is Anaerobic Respiration?

A
  • oxygen is absent
  • energy production even though it lacks oxygen
  • its in yeast and bacteria; CO2 and ethyl alcohol produced
  • in animals; lactic acid is produced
96
Q

Anaerobic organisms such as yeasts _____ energy from sugars, producing ethanol in the absence of __________.

A
  • extract

- oxygen

97
Q

During strenuous activity, muscle cells resort to fermentation to produce extra ATP quickly. The process _____ lactic acid instead of _______.

A
  • yields

- ethanol

98
Q

________ produces ATP whether or not O2 is present, as long as the cell’s supply NAD+ is __________

A
  • Glycolysis

- replenished.

99
Q

When O2 is absent, NADH from glycolysis is used to regenerate ____ thereby replenishing the cell’s ______.

A
  • NAD+

- supply

EXAM 2 (biology 189) (1 decks)

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