EXAM 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Transport energy is not always released where you need the energy at. TRUE or FALSE
A
TRUE
2
Q
What kind of classes of molecules are used to transport energy?
A
ANY cells; It is universal to all cells (prokaryotic cells/ Eukaryotic cells)
3
Q
Electron carriers are also known as
A
Energy Carrier rmolecules
4
Q
ATP: What Is It & Why Is It Important?
A
For your muscles – in fact, for every cell in your body – the source of energy that keeps everything going is called ATP. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the biochemical way to store and use energy.
5
Q
Chemically, ATP is an adenine nucleotide bound to ____ __________.
A
3 phosphates (bonds) and a ribose sugar
6
Q
There is a lot of energy stored in the bond between the second and third phosphate groups that can be used to fuel ________ _________.
A
chemical reactions
7
Q
In SOME instances, the second phosphate group can also be broken to form WHAT?
A
AMP; adenosine monophosphate, because AMP only has 1 adenine, 1 ribose sugar and 1 phosphate
8
Q
NADH and NADPH are what?
A
High-energy electron carriers
9
Q
NADP+ (+) 2 e- and H+ —> ________
A
NADPH (more energy rich, high electrons)
10
Q
NAD+ (+) 2 e- and H+ —–> ________
A
NADH
11
Q
The Calvin cycle takes place in the ________
A
stroma
12
Q
The light reactions take place in the ___________
A
thylakoids
13
Q
Each chloroplasts has a network of internal membranes that contain _____- _________ pigments, including the green pigment __________.
A
- light-absorbing
* chlorophyll
14
Q
Name the 3 structures of the Chloroplast.
A
1) Double membrane
2) Stroma
3) Thylakoid disks
15
Q
Whats a Stroma?
A
An internal fluid of the inner compartment of the chloroplast
16
Q
What a Thylakoid disks?
A
A membranous disk with pigments and an internal thylakoid space
17
Q
What would happen if we had Chloroplasts?
A
we would be green
18
Q
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
A
6 CO2 + 6 H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
19
Q
Photosynthesis is an inorganic carbon. True or False
A
True
20
Q
Whats a Photosynthesis?
A
Photosynthesis is the process used by plants, algae and certain bacteria to harness energy from sunlight(solar energy) into chemical energy.
21
Q
Name the 2 reactions of photosynthesis.
A
1) Light reactions(thylakoid disks)
2) Calvin Cycle
22
Q
Light reactions capture _____ _______
A
light energy
23
Q
Light reactions take place on __________
A
thylakoids
24
Q
Light reactions use the pigment ______
A
chlorophyll
25
Light reactions _______ solar energy into ______ energy
* CONVERT ( remember, conversion is NOT the same as making it)
* Chemical
26
The Calvin Cycle occurs in the ______
stroma
27
Calvin cycle use the energy produced by the _____ _________
light reactions
28
Calvin Cycle synthesizes sugar from ______
CO2
29
Name the 3 Redox reactions
1) oxidation-reduction AKA redox
2) oxidation
3) reduction
30
Whats an oxidation-reduction aka redox?
the transfer of electrons, when atom A electrons are going to atom B.
31
Whats an oxidation?
Loss of electrons
32
Whats a reduction?
Gain of electrons
33
Potential energy can be stored in an object based on its ________
position
34
Electrons can store _____ or ______ potential energy based on their position. (like an electron occupying an orbital; 8 electrons etc)
* more
| * less
35
What does it mean for an electron to be in an " Excited state?"
It means that it has more stored energy
36
Why would electrons try to release their extra store energy?
because they are less stable, so they will absorb it, and TRY get rid of it.
37
Energy from sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules to a higher _____ ________
energy state
38
The closely packed arrangement of _______ molecules in an antenna complex facilitates the transfer of high-energy electrons from one _______ molecule to another (slide pic)
* chlorophyll
| * pigment
39
High energy electrons from chlorophyll are transferred to the electron _______ _______
transport chain
40
What does Chlorophyll Antennae capture?
It Captures energy from light
41
Chlorophyll Antennae pass energy to _______ centers in the form of _________ electrons
* reaction
| * energized
42
Two types of photosystems: Photosystem I and Photosystem II cooperate _____ reactions
light
43
H2O splitting splits water to ____, ____, and __________
* O (oxygeb
* H (hydrogen)
* electrons
44
NADPH system receives electrons from the first to reduce NADP+ into ______
NADPH
45
______ is used in both photosystems to energize the electrons
Light
46
The light reactions generate ATP and ______
NADPH
47
Name the 2 types of chemical energy produced during the light reactions
1) ATP
2) NADPH
(both store in the phosphate bond)
(transport to make sugar; calvin cycle)
48
Water-splitting photosystem is the splitting of _____
H2O; ELECTRONS, O2 AND H+
49
Energized electrons enter electron ______ ______
electron transport chain (ETC)
50
Energy from electron transport used to pump H+ across ______ ________
thylakoid membrane
51
Water- splitting photosystem generates ______ gradient
proton
52
NADPH-PRODUCES ______________
Photosystem
53
Light recharges electrons, they enter a _____ electron transport chain
shorter
54
NADPH is produced from3 things. NAME THEM
1) NADP+ from stroma
2) Electrons from photosystem 1
3) Hydrogen ions from stroma
55
As electrons move down the electron transport chain of photosytem 2, a channel proteins pumps protons from the _____ into the __________ space
* stroma
| * thylakoid space
56
The electron received from photosystem 2 gets an extra boost of energy from the _____ absorbed by the __________ antenna complex. (slide pic)
* light
| * photosystem 1
57
H+ gradient represents ______ energy and it is used by ____ synthase
- stored
| - ATP
58
H+ movement through ATP synthase drives _______________
phosphorylation ( ADP-->ATP)
59
When photosystems 1 and 2 are operating in series, the electrons ultimately are transferred to NADPH+, which is ______ to ______
- reduced
| - NADPH
60
Because of the imbalance in the concentration of protons across the thylakoid membrane, protons move from the ________ space to the stroma via ATP synthase, driving ____ production.
- thylakoid
| - ATP
61
Photosystem 1 differs from photosystem 2 in that it produces ATP. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE.
| it produces NADPH
62
The calvin cycle is sugar from ____
CO2; CARBON fixation
63
What does photosystem 2 do?
It oxidizes water and transfers electrons to photosystem 1
64
What does photosystem 1 do?
It generates NADPH
65
What do photosystem 1 and 2 do?
Utilize phosphoralation to generate ATP (production of ATP)
66
Whats a granum?
a stack of thylakoids
67
Whats phosphorylation?
Adding a phosphate
68
What is the source of electrons which end up getting added to glucose during photosynthesis?
h2o
69
For non-photosynthesizing organisms (mostly consumers/heterotrops) energy is acquired from _____ molecules
food
70
Energy transfer in nonliving systems can be explosive. A combustion can be an example of?
Carbon in wood or gasoline + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + energy
71
Energy transfer in cells controlled means Carbon in food + o2 ----> _____ + ______ + _________
CO2
h2o
ENERGY
72
WhatS the chemical for cellular respiration?
C6H1206 + 6O2 ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H20
73
Cellular respiration ________ the energy stored in the sugar.
releases
74
Cellular respiration _______ the activities of the cell
power
75
Cellular respiration breaks down molecules for ______
energy
76
What are the 3 steps for Cellular respiration?
1) Glycolysis
2) Krebs cycle
3) Oxidative phosphorylation
77
What does glycolysis do? Also, Give the stage, location, and production.
```
Stage 1 of cellular respiration
Location: cytoplasm near mitochondria
What happens: glucose(sugar) is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate (2 3-carbon compounds)
Reactant: 1Glucose
Products: 2Pyruvates
Produces: 2 ATP, 2 NADH (net
```
78
What does the krebs cycle AKA Citric Acid Cycle do? Also, Give the stage, location, and production.
Stage 2 of cellular respiration
Location: matrix of mitochondria
What happens: breaks down organic molecules into CO2, makes small amounts of ATP(energy carriers), provides electrons
79
What does Oxidative phosphorylation do? Also, Give the stage, location, and production.
Stage 3 of cellular respiration
Location: inner membrane and inner membrane space of mitochondria
What happens: ((Use oxygen to produce ATP))electrons passed from NADH to electron transport chain, then chemiosmosis happens aka H+ gradient; later the 02 accepts electrons, producing water--> produces 32 ATP
80
Glycolysis needs oxygen. T or F
False.
| -which is why its anarobic
81
Krebs cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation need oxygen.
True.
| -which is why its aerobic respiration
82
Why does electron transfer from organic molecules to oxygen release energy?
- amount of energy stored in electrons depends on what molecules they are part of, which determines their position.
- when e- move from glucose to 02 they ''fall" to lower energy position
- this ''fall'' releases energy coupled to energy carrier production in cellular respiration
83
NADH and electron transport chains; the electrons move from glucose to _______ in steps. The small amount of energy _________ at each step.
- oxygen
| - released/ harnessed
84
What happens in an Electron Transport Chain?
1st part of stage 3 of cellular respiration
Location: inner membrane
What happens: NADH and FADH2 are shuttled along the ETC to oxygen, the final electron acceptor. Proteins in the ETC use energy from released electrons to shuttle H+ against concentration gradient into the inner membrane space
85
What is Chemiosomosis?
Location: inner membrane space, inner membrane, matrix
What happens: energy from H+ concentration in inner membrane space drives H+ through ATP synthase, which activates catalytic sites that attach a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
86
```
Staring witht he two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules produced by the nreak down of glucose during GLYCOLYSIS, the krebs cycle produces
___ molecules of C02
___ molecules of reduced _____
___ molecules of reduced _____
___ molecules of ATP
```
- 6
- 8, NADH
- 2, FADH2
- 2
87
What is an electron transport chain?
- releases the energy your cells need to make most of their ATP
- high-energy electrons passed protein to protein, release small amonts of energy with each transfer
- final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is O2
- electrons with hydrogen ions bind to oxygen to form h20
88
High energy electrons in _____ are donated to the electron transport chain embedded in the inner __________ membrane
- NADH
| - mitochondrial
89
As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, protons are pumped from the matrix into the ___________ space, creating proton _______ across the inner mitochondrial membrane
- intermembrane
| - imbalance
90
Oxygen is required as the final electron _____, In this final electron transfer, O2 picks up __ electrons and 4 protons and forms ______.
- acceptor
- 4
- water
91
the passage of accumulated protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix through ____ _________ drives this enzyme complex to produce ATP
ATP synthase
92
What is the last step of cellular respiration where the majority of the ATP is formed?
Oxidative phospphorylation
93
For a SINGLE molecule of glucose
- glycolysis produces ___ ATP
- kREBS cycle produces ___ ATP
- Oxidative Phosphorylation produces ___ ATP
- For a GRAND TOTAL OF ___ ATP
- 2
- 2
- 32
- 36
94
What is Aerobic Respiration?
- oxygen is present
- takes place in the cytoplasm
- breakdown of C-C fpr energy is most efficient with oxygen gas O2 as e- acceptor
- high energy e- transferred from the sugar C-C to O, releasing energy
95
What is Anaerobic Respiration?
- oxygen is absent
- energy production even though it lacks oxygen
- its in yeast and bacteria; CO2 and ethyl alcohol produced
- in animals; lactic acid is produced
96
Anaerobic organisms such as yeasts _____ energy from sugars, producing ethanol in the absence of __________.
- extract
| - oxygen
97
During strenuous activity, muscle cells resort to fermentation to produce extra ATP quickly. The process _____ lactic acid instead of _______.
- yields
| - ethanol
98
________ produces ATP whether or not O2 is present, as long as the cell's supply NAD+ is __________
- Glycolysis
| - replenished.
99
When O2 is absent, NADH from glycolysis is used to regenerate ____ thereby replenishing the cell's ______.
- NAD+
| - supply
