Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the flow of the heart from Right Atrium?
Right Atrium > Tricuspid valve > Right Ventricle > Pulmonary artery > Lungs > Pulmonary veins > Left atrium > mitral valve (bicuspid) > Left ventricle > semi-lunar valve> aorta> To body
What is the first blood vessel to receive oxygenated blood?
Coronary arteries
Name two of the branches off the left coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery
T/F. The pulmonary artery holds deoxygenated blood
True. Pulmonary artery has deoxygenated blood until it goes into the lungs and becomes oxygenated and carried out by the pulmonary veins.
The myocardium has what muscle fiber type? and What characteristics of the myocardium make it that fiber?
Type I (slow twitch).
High capillary density. Lots of mitochondria. Lots of exchange and work aerobically.
What part of the intercalated discs hold them together?
Desmosomes
Cardiac muscles fibers are connected by _____________ ___________
Intercalated discs
What allows flow of electricity from cell to cell in the intercalated disc?
gap junctions: rapidly conduct action potentionals
What is anticipatory rise?
Physiological response to an anticipated exercise or event
What do muscle chemo and arterial chemo receptors do? and where are the main 2 arterial chemo receptors located?
senses pH level or H levels.
Arch of aorta. Biforcation of common carotoid artery
What hormones affect heart rate and contractility?
Catacholomines: dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
What in the process of the SA node in the heart?
SA Node is where impulse starts, RA fills up with blood, stretches the muscle, stretching the SA node, once its stretched, it sends off the impulse.
What is the assumed relationship of workload and heart rate?
A linear relationship. As workload increases, the heart rate rises as well.
T/F. One sub-max testing is an accurate measure of fitness level.
False. One test is a ballpark figure. Training for 3 months and take the same test again under same conditions, shows measure if improved or not.
Follow up test in future to see what has changed.
T/F. The vagus is sympathetic.
False. Parasympathetic.
T/F. As workload increases parasympathetic nerve activity increases.
False. Sympathetic (Fight or flight) increases HR etc.
With increased fitness, resting and sub-max HR ________
because of an ________ Stroke volume.
Decreased. Increased.
T/F. Max heart rate differed between someone who was unfit then became fit.
False. Max Heart rate is the same. Though it is harder for the fit person to reach their max heart rate, it is the same.
What is stroke volume?
How do you calculate it?
Amount of blood pumped with each contraction of the myocardium.
Ending Diastolic Volume (EDV) - Ending Systolic Volume (ESV) = Stroke Volume (SV)
EDV-ESV=SV
Diastolic - At rest right before contraction.
Systolic -
mL/beat
Around what %workload does your HR start to level off?
50-60%
What are the causes of increased stroke volume?
Increased volume of heart allows greater diastolic filling of blood.
Slower HR gives more time to fill the heart
Improved contractility
Increased levels of catacholamines leading to a higher force production.
Which direction does the heart contract?
Starting from the apex of the heart and up out of the ventricles.
During exercise what hormone increases in the heart? And how will it be affected by that hormone?
Catacholomines will increase force production, increasing stroke volume.
Cardiac Output (q) is calculated by?
q in Liters = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)
What is the direct method of measuring cardiac output?
Fick method by measuring arterial blood gas and mixed venous blood.
What is the indirect method of measuring cardiac output?
CO2 breathing.
What is cardiac output at rest?
4-6 liters/min
Why do men have a bigger cardiac output than women?
Men have bigger hearts
T/F. Cardiac output at a submaximal cardiac output is the same between a fit person and unfit person.
true
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each beat is called?
Ejection fraction.
What is the name of the disease when someone is not able to pump out as much blood?
Congestive Heart failure.
What are the 3 major functions of blood?
Transportation of nutrients, temperature regulation, and acid-base (pH) balance.
T/F. 90% of plasma is water.
True.
Does the hematocrit go up or down in an athlete?
Since the athlete has more RBCs, meaning more liquid, it will go down.
For every 100mL of blood, you will carry ______ of oxygen
20mL
What is only artery to carry deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery.
What is the only vein to carry oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary vein
Failure of the veins lead to…
Vericose veins
Systolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries as your heart ______
contracts
How does systolic blood pressure change during exercise?
it increases in direct proportion to the intensity of exercise
Diastolic blood pressure is when the heart is ______
relaxed
How does diastolic blood pressure change with exercise?
There is very little change
How do you calculate Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
1/3 x (Systolic - Diastolic) + Diastolic
T/F. The MAP is usually closer to systolic pressure.
False. It is closer to Diastolic
Rate Pressure product is a measure of what?
A measure of myocardial workload.
How do you calculate Rate-Pressure Product?
Systolic Blood pressure x HR = RPP
The formula for resistance to flow can be calculated as
Resistance = n x L / r4
n = viscosity (thickness) L = length of vessel r = radius
In resistance to flow, what has the biggest impact?
Viscosity, length, or radius?
Radius
What are factors that affect blood flow?
pressure gradient HR and SV Vessel radius Vessel length Viscosity of the blood
What are factors affecting vessel radius?
Oxygen supply
temperature changes:
- Low temps = vasoconstriction
- High temps = Vasodilation
CO2 levels:
- When levels are high = producing energy, then more blood flow; acidity build up (carbonic acid)
Adenosine levels
- High levels of ATP = needs less blood flow
- High levels of ADP = needs more O2 to make more ATP
Which blood vessels have greatest amount of vascularity?
Capillaries.
T/F. There is no systolic and Diastolic blood pressure at the capillaries.
True.
Where is blood pressure the lowest?
The Vena cava because it is furthest away from the heart (pumping source).
During exercise, how does the body shift more blood to the areas where er need the blood flow?
Shunting of blood in certain areas and opening of arterioles in different areas.
What are the three stimuli that increases local blood flow?
Metabolic factors
Endothelium released factors
Myogenic responses
What is the blood pressure of Stage 1 Hypertension?
> or = 140/90 on 2 separate occasions
How does exercise reduce BP?
- Catecholamines
- Dilation
- Sodium
- Weight
1) Reduces catcholamine (epi and norepi) levels at rest.
2) Blood vessels are dilated at rest
3) Lower sodium levels because fit people sweat
4) Weight control
How does systolic BP change with AEROBIC exercise?
Increases with increasing intensity.
Decreases when dilation of blood vessels occur, caused by constant intensity.
Why would you have a higher blood pressure in your arms?
Arms have less muscle mass than legs.
T/F. The arm cycle ergometer would give you more of an oxygen uptake than the regular cycle ergometer.
True.
T/F. You would have higher blood pressure from the regular cycle ergometer than the arm cycle ergometer.
False. The arm cycle ergometer would have a higher blood pressure due to lesser muscle mass.
T/F. Power output between arm cycle ergometer and the regular cycle ergometer is equivalent.
False. The arm cycle ergometer would have a higher power output.
VO2 Max is equal to?
q x a-vo2dif
a-vo2dif =
- a = arterial content of O2 = 20mL
- O2 content of Mixed venous blood = 15 (example)
VO2 = 5mL
What is the systemic average A-Vo2 diff at rest?
What is the systemic average A-Vo2 Diff at max exertion?
5mL, systemically. Leaving only 15 mL of O2 coming out of veins (20-15= 5)
15mL. Leaving only 5 mL of O2 coming out of veins. (20-15 = 5)
What is the correlation between A-Vo2 diff and level of fitness?
Increased fitness is associated with increased A-Vo2 Diff because of better extraction of O2 and better distribution of the blood.
During coronary circulation, after supplying the left and right coronary arteries (left empties into coronary sinus and right empties into Anterior cardiac veins) they both dump into where?
Right atrium.
T/F. Coronary blood flow increases in direct proportion to Cardiac output.
True.
Myocardium takes up ___% of available oxygen at rest or during exercise.
75%
At rest, what fuel source does the heart use the most?
Fats
During moderate exercise what fuel source does the heart use the most?
a combination of Carb, fat, and lactate.
During heavy exercise, what fuel source does the heart use the most?
Lactate.
How does the heart use lactate during heavy exercise?
Heart uses the oxygen given from aorta, so the lactate > pyruvate> Acetyl Coa> Krebs cycle> NADH> ATP
Cardiac Conduction system is comprised of
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
AV Bundle of his
Purkinje fibers
What is the intrinsic rate of the SA node?
60-100 BPM
T/F. The atria have an intrinsic rate.
True.
Auto rhythmicity is essentially when one cell in the heart contracts, it will contract all the others via SA node normally. If the SA node does not work it is followed by _______ ______
Intercalated discs
What is the heart’s electrical pattern pathway?
SA Node > Atria > AV Node > Bundle of his > bundle branches > Purkinje fibers > Ventricles
ECG provides a graphical record of the _______ ______ of the heart and can be used to aid clinical diagnoses.
electrical activity.
What does the P wave represent?
Atrial depolarization
QRS Wave represents?
ventricular depolarization
ST segment represents?
Ventricular repolarization
T wave represents?
Ventricular repolarization
The Wiggers diagram shows the blood flow in response to
Electrical stimulation
When does atherosclerosis often begin?
youth
What lifestyle factors affect the rate of progression of atherosclerosis?
Smoking
diet
physical activity
stress
What is the most common type of cardiovascular disease?
Coronary Heart Disease
What is atherosclerosis?
narrowing of the blood vessel caused by plaque and inflammation of the arterial walls
Hypertension can eventually lead to…
atherosclerosis or Myocardial infarction
Speech/language problems, slow cautious behavior is associated with which side of the brain?
Left
Vision, quick behavior is associated with which side of the brain?
Right
Which is the most common stroke?
Ischemic.
What is TIA?
Transient Ischemic Attack (mini stroke)
Ischemic stroke is caused by
clots
What are hemorrhagic strokes?
Blood vessel rupture leading to swelling of head. Often leads to death.
Congestive heart failure is when
When heart becomes progressively too weak to maintain cardiac output
The hardening of the blood vessel walls is called
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Congenital Heart disease is defined as
Babies born with heart disease.
What is the process of coronary heart disease?
An injury in the tunica intima, when there is an injury, platelets plug the whole, the platelets are sticky and the LDL attaches to the platelets and it develops this plaque.
How do you prevent injury of blood vessels?
Eating right and exercising.
What are non-modifiable risk factors?
Age - Getting old
Gender - Males until women go through menopause, then in 10 years, it will equal out in risk.
Family history - can’t choose your parents
Main modifiable risks are:
cigarette hypertension blood lipids obesity diabetes sedentary lifestyle
What is the importance of fitness and obesity?
Body composition has little to nothing to do with relative risk
How does exercise lower CVD Risk?
Improves myocardial circulation - makes vessels bigger
Grow more blood vessels.
