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Comm 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

search engine

A

Internet tool that computer generates indexes of web pages that match, or link, key words typed in a search window. Overly broad, often irrelevant sites.

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2
Q

directory

A

Internet tool in which humans edit indexes of web pages that match, or link with, key words typed in a search window.

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3
Q

metasearch engine

A

sends your key word request to several search engines at once. They work best when your request is a relatively obscure one.

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4
Q

virtual library

A

A search tool that combines internet technology and standard library techniques for cataloging and appraising information.

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5
Q

evaluating information found on the internet

A
  1. consider the source
  2. consider source bias
  3. determine document currency
  4. use fact checking sites
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6
Q

skepticism

A

a process of inquiry whereby claims are evaluated by engaging in a rigorous examination of evidence and reasoning used to support those claims

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7
Q

true belief

A

a willingness to accept claims without solid reasoning or valid evidence and to hold these beliefs tenaciously even if a mountain of contradictory evidence proves them wrong

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8
Q

cynicism

A

nay-saying, fault-finding, and ridiculing.

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9
Q

The key distinction between a true believer and a skeptic is

A

the process used to arrive at and maintain a belief

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10
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to seek information that supports one’s beliefs, and to ignore information that contradicts those beliefs

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11
Q

true believers are______, not evidence driven

A

belief-driven

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12
Q

rationalization of disconfrontation

A

inventing superficial, even glib, alternative explanations for contradictory evidence

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13
Q

burden of proof

A

your obligation to present compelling evidence and reasoning to support your claim

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14
Q

shifting the burden of proof

A

inappropriately assuming the validity of a claim unless it is proven false by another person who never made the original claim

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15
Q

those who make the claim have the…

A

burden to prove the claim

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16
Q

the stronger the claim the greater is…

A

your burden of proof

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17
Q

plausibility alone is a basis for inquiry when substantial evidence is lacking, but is an insufficient basis for…

A

acceptance of a claim

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18
Q

the strongest speech arguments are both…

A

plausible and highly probable

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19
Q

law of truly large numebers

A

with large enough numbers almost anything is likely to happen to somebody, somewhere, somehow, sometime

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20
Q

what truly marks an open-minded person is the willingness to…

A

follow where evidence leads

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21
Q

argument

A

implicitly or explicitly presents a claim and provides support for that claim with reasoning and evidence

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22
Q

reasoning

A

the thought process of drawing conclusions from evidence

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23
Q

evidence

A

consists of statistics, testimony of experts and credible sources, and verifiable facts

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24
Q

syllogism

A

the basic structure of an argument

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25
a syllogism contains three parts:
a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
26
claim
that which is asserted an requires support
27
grounds (reasons/evidence)
reasons to accept a claim and the evidence used to support those reasons. Reasons justify the claim, and evidence provides firm ground for these reasons
28
warrant
the reasoning that links the grounds to the claim. It is usually implied, not stated explicitly.
29
backing
the reasons and relevant evidence that support the warrant
30
rebuttal
exceptions or refutation that diminish the force of the claim
31
qualifier
degree of truth to the claim (possible, plausible, probable, highly probable)
32
fallacy
any error in reasoning and evidence that may deceive your audience
33
credibility
believability as determined by consistency and accuracy.
34
non sequitur fallacies
ad hominem and ad populum fallacies. "It does not follow".
35
ad hominem fallacy
a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message. a diversionary tactic
36
ad populum fallacy
basing a claim on popular opinion
37
random sample
a portion of the target population, the entire set of individuals of interest, chosen in such a manner that every member of the entire population has an equal chance of being selected.
38
self-selected sample
attracts the most committed, aroused, or motivated individuals to fill out surveys on their own and answer polling questions
39
the margin of error
a measure of the degree of sampling error accounted for by imperfections in sample selection-it goes up as the number of people surveyed goes down
40
vividness effect
when an outrageous, shocking, controversial, and dramatic event distorts out perceptions of the facts
41
hasty generalization
when individuals jump to a conclusion based on a single or a handful of examples
42
correlation
a consistent relationship between two variables
43
variable
anything that can change
44
even a perfect correlation does not mean there is...
causation
45
false analogies
occur when a significant point or points of difference exist despite some superficial similarities. i.e trump is hitler
46
supporting materials
examples, statistics, and testimony used to bolster a speaker's viewpoint
47
examples
specific instances of a general category of objects, ideas, people, places, actions, experiences, or phenomena
48
hypothetical example
describes an imaginary situation, one that is concocted to make a point, illustrate an idea, or identify a general principle
49
real examples
actual occurances
50
brief example
used to make a point quickly
51
extended example
used to tell a profound or moving story
52
statistics
measures of what is true or factual expressed in numbers
53
measure of central tendency
how scores cluster so you can get a sense of what is typically occurring-you can use the mean, median, or mode
54
mean
arithmetic average
55
median
the middle score
56
mode
the most frequent score in the distribution of all scores
57
testimony
a first-hand account of events or the conclusions offered publicly by experts on the topic
58
jargon
the specialized language of a profession, trade, or group
59
euphemism
indirect of vague word or phrase used to numb us to or conceal unpleasant or offensive realities
60
slang
highly informal speech not in conventional usage
61
metaphor
an implied comparison of two seemingly dissimilar things
62
mixed metaphor
the use of two or more vastly different metaphors in a single expression
63
simile
an explicit comparison of two seemingly dissimilar things using the words like or as
64
cliche
a once-vivid expression that has been overused to the point of seeming commonplace
65
alliteration
the repetition of the same sound, usually a consonant sound, starting each word
66
repetition
reiterating the same word, phrase, or sentence, usually with parallel structure
67
antithesis
a sentence composed of two parts with parallel structure but opposite meanings to create impact
68
persuasion
a communication process of converting, modifying, or maintaining the attitudes and/or behavior of others
69
attitude
a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some object
70
the essential difference between coercion and persuasion is the
perception of free choice
71
social judgment theory
when listeners hear a persuasive message, they compare it with attitudes they already hold
72
anchor
reference point
73
latitude of acceptance
positions a person finds tolerable
74
latitude of noncommitment
positions that provoke only a neutral or ambivalent response
75
latitude of rejection
positions the person would find objectionable because they are too far from the anchor attitude
76
ego involvment
the degree to which an issue is relevant or important to a person
77
counterperuasion
attacks from an opposing side
78
elaboration likelihood model (ELM)
an overarching explanation for how listeners cope with the bombardment of persuasive messages by sorting them into those that are important, or central, and those that are less relevant, or peripheral
79
parallel processing
listeners use both central and peripheral routes. see all aspects and the whole picture
80
individualist cultures
emphasize personal autonomy and competitiveness, privacy, individual liberties, and toleration of nonconformity
81
collectivist cultures
emphasize group harmony, intra-group cooperation and conformity, and individual sacrifice for the sake of the group
82
proposition
the primary, overriding claim for a persuasive speech
83
proposition of fact
alleges a truth, such as "open carry gun laws would provide significant protection against criminals."
84
proposition of value
calls for a judgment that assesses the worth or merit of an idea, object, or practice, such as "online classes provide an inferior educational experience for students."
85
proposition of policy
a significant change from how problems are currently handled, such as "smoking should be banned in all public places."
86
pathos
emotional appeals
87
anger activism model
helps explain the relationship between anger and persuation
88
framing
the influence wording has on our perception of choices
89
cognitive dissonance
stress or discomfort when a individual holds two or more contradictory beliefs
90
contrast effect
listeners are more likely to accept a bigger second request or offer when contrasted with a much bigger initial request or offer
91
door-in-the-face strategy
outrageous solution to a more reasonable solution. works well when presenting your solution to a problem
92
refutation
answering opposing arguments
93
tribute speeches
praise or celebrate a person
94
toast
a brief tribute to a person or couple
95
roast
a purposely humorous tribute to a person
96
guidelines for a roast
1. humor is the key ingredient of any roast 2. keep the tone positive 3. be brief 4. finish on a heartfelt, serious note
97
eulogy
a tribute delivered in praise of a deceased friend or family member
98
guidelines for a eulogy
1. your opening should capture attention and set the theme 2. your organizational pattern is typically narrative 3. strive for emotional control 4. be balanced and realistic in your praise 5. relate what you will most remember and miss about the person 6. finish strong
99
speech introduction
prepares an audience for a speech to be given by a featured speaker
100
speech of presentation
must communicate to the audience assembled the meaning and importance of the award
101
commencement address
an inspirational speech that occurs at graduation ceremonies
102
after-dinner speech
a presentation that typically occurs at a formal gathering of some group

Comm 101 (1 decks)

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