Exam 2 Flashcards
search engine
Internet tool that computer generates indexes of web pages that match, or link, key words typed in a search window. Overly broad, often irrelevant sites.
directory
Internet tool in which humans edit indexes of web pages that match, or link with, key words typed in a search window.
metasearch engine
sends your key word request to several search engines at once. They work best when your request is a relatively obscure one.
virtual library
A search tool that combines internet technology and standard library techniques for cataloging and appraising information.
evaluating information found on the internet
- consider the source
- consider source bias
- determine document currency
- use fact checking sites
skepticism
a process of inquiry whereby claims are evaluated by engaging in a rigorous examination of evidence and reasoning used to support those claims
true belief
a willingness to accept claims without solid reasoning or valid evidence and to hold these beliefs tenaciously even if a mountain of contradictory evidence proves them wrong
cynicism
nay-saying, fault-finding, and ridiculing.
The key distinction between a true believer and a skeptic is
the process used to arrive at and maintain a belief
confirmation bias
the tendency to seek information that supports one’s beliefs, and to ignore information that contradicts those beliefs
true believers are______, not evidence driven
belief-driven
rationalization of disconfrontation
inventing superficial, even glib, alternative explanations for contradictory evidence
burden of proof
your obligation to present compelling evidence and reasoning to support your claim
shifting the burden of proof
inappropriately assuming the validity of a claim unless it is proven false by another person who never made the original claim
those who make the claim have the…
burden to prove the claim
the stronger the claim the greater is…
your burden of proof
plausibility alone is a basis for inquiry when substantial evidence is lacking, but is an insufficient basis for…
acceptance of a claim
the strongest speech arguments are both…
plausible and highly probable
law of truly large numebers
with large enough numbers almost anything is likely to happen to somebody, somewhere, somehow, sometime
what truly marks an open-minded person is the willingness to…
follow where evidence leads
argument
implicitly or explicitly presents a claim and provides support for that claim with reasoning and evidence
reasoning
the thought process of drawing conclusions from evidence
evidence
consists of statistics, testimony of experts and credible sources, and verifiable facts
syllogism
the basic structure of an argument
a syllogism contains three parts:
a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
claim
that which is asserted an requires support
grounds (reasons/evidence)
reasons to accept a claim and the evidence used to support those reasons. Reasons justify the claim, and evidence provides firm ground for these reasons
warrant
the reasoning that links the grounds to the claim. It is usually implied, not stated explicitly.
backing
the reasons and relevant evidence that support the warrant
rebuttal
exceptions or refutation that diminish the force of the claim
qualifier
degree of truth to the claim (possible, plausible, probable, highly probable)
fallacy
any error in reasoning and evidence that may deceive your audience
credibility
believability as determined by consistency and accuracy.
non sequitur fallacies
ad hominem and ad populum fallacies. “It does not follow”.
ad hominem fallacy
a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message. a diversionary tactic
ad populum fallacy
basing a claim on popular opinion
random sample
a portion of the target population, the entire set of individuals of interest, chosen in such a manner that every member of the entire population has an equal chance of being selected.
self-selected sample
attracts the most committed, aroused, or motivated individuals to fill out surveys on their own and answer polling questions
the margin of error
a measure of the degree of sampling error accounted for by imperfections in sample selection-it goes up as the number of people surveyed goes down
vividness effect
when an outrageous, shocking, controversial, and dramatic event distorts out perceptions of the facts
hasty generalization
when individuals jump to a conclusion based on a single or a handful of examples
correlation
a consistent relationship between two variables
variable
anything that can change
even a perfect correlation does not mean there is…
causation
false analogies
occur when a significant point or points of difference exist despite some superficial similarities. i.e trump is hitler
supporting materials
examples, statistics, and testimony used to bolster a speaker’s viewpoint
examples
specific instances of a general category of objects, ideas, people, places, actions, experiences, or phenomena
hypothetical example
describes an imaginary situation, one that is concocted to make a point, illustrate an idea, or identify a general principle
real examples
actual occurances
brief example
used to make a point quickly
extended example
used to tell a profound or moving story
statistics
measures of what is true or factual expressed in numbers
measure of central tendency
how scores cluster so you can get a sense of what is typically occurring-you can use the mean, median, or mode
mean
arithmetic average
median
the middle score
mode
the most frequent score in the distribution of all scores
testimony
a first-hand account of events or the conclusions offered publicly by experts on the topic
jargon
the specialized language of a profession, trade, or group
euphemism
indirect of vague word or phrase used to numb us to or conceal unpleasant or offensive realities
slang
highly informal speech not in conventional usage
metaphor
an implied comparison of two seemingly dissimilar things
mixed metaphor
the use of two or more vastly different metaphors in a single expression
simile
an explicit comparison of two seemingly dissimilar things using the words like or as
cliche
a once-vivid expression that has been overused to the point of seeming commonplace
alliteration
the repetition of the same sound, usually a consonant sound, starting each word
repetition
reiterating the same word, phrase, or sentence, usually with parallel structure
antithesis
a sentence composed of two parts with parallel structure but opposite meanings to create impact
persuasion
a communication process of converting, modifying, or maintaining the attitudes and/or behavior of others
attitude
a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some object
the essential difference between coercion and persuasion is the
perception of free choice
social judgment theory
when listeners hear a persuasive message, they compare it with attitudes they already hold
anchor
reference point
latitude of acceptance
positions a person finds tolerable
latitude of noncommitment
positions that provoke only a neutral or ambivalent response
latitude of rejection
positions the person would find objectionable because they are too far from the anchor attitude
ego involvment
the degree to which an issue is relevant or important to a person
counterperuasion
attacks from an opposing side
elaboration likelihood model (ELM)
an overarching explanation for how listeners cope with the bombardment of persuasive messages by sorting them into those that are important, or central, and those that are less relevant, or peripheral
parallel processing
listeners use both central and peripheral routes. see all aspects and the whole picture
individualist cultures
emphasize personal autonomy and competitiveness, privacy, individual liberties, and toleration of nonconformity
collectivist cultures
emphasize group harmony, intra-group cooperation and conformity, and individual sacrifice for the sake of the group
proposition
the primary, overriding claim for a persuasive speech
proposition of fact
alleges a truth, such as “open carry gun laws would provide significant protection against criminals.”
proposition of value
calls for a judgment that assesses the worth or merit of an idea, object, or practice, such as “online classes provide an inferior educational experience for students.”
proposition of policy
a significant change from how problems are currently handled, such as “smoking should be banned in all public places.”
pathos
emotional appeals
anger activism model
helps explain the relationship between anger and persuation
framing
the influence wording has on our perception of choices
cognitive dissonance
stress or discomfort when a individual holds two or more contradictory beliefs
contrast effect
listeners are more likely to accept a bigger second request or offer when contrasted with a much bigger initial request or offer
door-in-the-face strategy
outrageous solution to a more reasonable solution. works well when presenting your solution to a problem
refutation
answering opposing arguments
tribute speeches
praise or celebrate a person
toast
a brief tribute to a person or couple
roast
a purposely humorous tribute to a person
guidelines for a roast
- humor is the key ingredient of any roast
- keep the tone positive
- be brief
- finish on a heartfelt, serious note
eulogy
a tribute delivered in praise of a deceased friend or family member
guidelines for a eulogy
- your opening should capture attention and set the theme
- your organizational pattern is typically narrative
- strive for emotional control
- be balanced and realistic in your praise
- relate what you will most remember and miss about the person
- finish strong
speech introduction
prepares an audience for a speech to be given by a featured speaker
speech of presentation
must communicate to the audience assembled the meaning and importance of the award
commencement address
an inspirational speech that occurs at graduation ceremonies
after-dinner speech
a presentation that typically occurs at a formal gathering of some group
