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Comm 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

search engine

A

Internet tool that computer generates indexes of web pages that match, or link, key words typed in a search window. Overly broad, often irrelevant sites.

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2
Q

directory

A

Internet tool in which humans edit indexes of web pages that match, or link with, key words typed in a search window.

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3
Q

metasearch engine

A

sends your key word request to several search engines at once. They work best when your request is a relatively obscure one.

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4
Q

virtual library

A

A search tool that combines internet technology and standard library techniques for cataloging and appraising information.

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5
Q

evaluating information found on the internet

A
  1. consider the source
  2. consider source bias
  3. determine document currency
  4. use fact checking sites
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6
Q

skepticism

A

a process of inquiry whereby claims are evaluated by engaging in a rigorous examination of evidence and reasoning used to support those claims

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7
Q

true belief

A

a willingness to accept claims without solid reasoning or valid evidence and to hold these beliefs tenaciously even if a mountain of contradictory evidence proves them wrong

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8
Q

cynicism

A

nay-saying, fault-finding, and ridiculing.

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9
Q

The key distinction between a true believer and a skeptic is

A

the process used to arrive at and maintain a belief

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10
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to seek information that supports one’s beliefs, and to ignore information that contradicts those beliefs

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11
Q

true believers are______, not evidence driven

A

belief-driven

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12
Q

rationalization of disconfrontation

A

inventing superficial, even glib, alternative explanations for contradictory evidence

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13
Q

burden of proof

A

your obligation to present compelling evidence and reasoning to support your claim

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14
Q

shifting the burden of proof

A

inappropriately assuming the validity of a claim unless it is proven false by another person who never made the original claim

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15
Q

those who make the claim have the…

A

burden to prove the claim

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16
Q

the stronger the claim the greater is…

A

your burden of proof

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17
Q

plausibility alone is a basis for inquiry when substantial evidence is lacking, but is an insufficient basis for…

A

acceptance of a claim

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18
Q

the strongest speech arguments are both…

A

plausible and highly probable

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19
Q

law of truly large numebers

A

with large enough numbers almost anything is likely to happen to somebody, somewhere, somehow, sometime

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20
Q

what truly marks an open-minded person is the willingness to…

A

follow where evidence leads

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21
Q

argument

A

implicitly or explicitly presents a claim and provides support for that claim with reasoning and evidence

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22
Q

reasoning

A

the thought process of drawing conclusions from evidence

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23
Q

evidence

A

consists of statistics, testimony of experts and credible sources, and verifiable facts

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24
Q

syllogism

A

the basic structure of an argument

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25
Q

a syllogism contains three parts:

A

a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion

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26
Q

claim

A

that which is asserted an requires support

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27
Q

grounds (reasons/evidence)

A

reasons to accept a claim and the evidence used to support those reasons. Reasons justify the claim, and evidence provides firm ground for these reasons

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28
Q

warrant

A

the reasoning that links the grounds to the claim. It is usually implied, not stated explicitly.

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29
Q

backing

A

the reasons and relevant evidence that support the warrant

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30
Q

rebuttal

A

exceptions or refutation that diminish the force of the claim

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31
Q

qualifier

A

degree of truth to the claim (possible, plausible, probable, highly probable)

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32
Q

fallacy

A

any error in reasoning and evidence that may deceive your audience

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33
Q

credibility

A

believability as determined by consistency and accuracy.

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34
Q

non sequitur fallacies

A

ad hominem and ad populum fallacies. “It does not follow”.

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35
Q

ad hominem fallacy

A

a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message. a diversionary tactic

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36
Q

ad populum fallacy

A

basing a claim on popular opinion

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37
Q

random sample

A

a portion of the target population, the entire set of individuals of interest, chosen in such a manner that every member of the entire population has an equal chance of being selected.

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38
Q

self-selected sample

A

attracts the most committed, aroused, or motivated individuals to fill out surveys on their own and answer polling questions

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39
Q

the margin of error

A

a measure of the degree of sampling error accounted for by imperfections in sample selection-it goes up as the number of people surveyed goes down

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40
Q

vividness effect

A

when an outrageous, shocking, controversial, and dramatic event distorts out perceptions of the facts

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41
Q

hasty generalization

A

when individuals jump to a conclusion based on a single or a handful of examples

42
Q

correlation

A

a consistent relationship between two variables

43
Q

variable

A

anything that can change

44
Q

even a perfect correlation does not mean there is…

A

causation

45
Q

false analogies

A

occur when a significant point or points of difference exist despite some superficial similarities. i.e trump is hitler

46
Q

supporting materials

A

examples, statistics, and testimony used to bolster a speaker’s viewpoint

47
Q

examples

A

specific instances of a general category of objects, ideas, people, places, actions, experiences, or phenomena

48
Q

hypothetical example

A

describes an imaginary situation, one that is concocted to make a point, illustrate an idea, or identify a general principle

49
Q

real examples

A

actual occurances

50
Q

brief example

A

used to make a point quickly

51
Q

extended example

A

used to tell a profound or moving story

52
Q

statistics

A

measures of what is true or factual expressed in numbers

53
Q

measure of central tendency

A

how scores cluster so you can get a sense of what is typically occurring-you can use the mean, median, or mode

54
Q

mean

A

arithmetic average

55
Q

median

A

the middle score

56
Q

mode

A

the most frequent score in the distribution of all scores

57
Q

testimony

A

a first-hand account of events or the conclusions offered publicly by experts on the topic

58
Q

jargon

A

the specialized language of a profession, trade, or group

59
Q

euphemism

A

indirect of vague word or phrase used to numb us to or conceal unpleasant or offensive realities

60
Q

slang

A

highly informal speech not in conventional usage

61
Q

metaphor

A

an implied comparison of two seemingly dissimilar things

62
Q

mixed metaphor

A

the use of two or more vastly different metaphors in a single expression

63
Q

simile

A

an explicit comparison of two seemingly dissimilar things using the words like or as

64
Q

cliche

A

a once-vivid expression that has been overused to the point of seeming commonplace

65
Q

alliteration

A

the repetition of the same sound, usually a consonant sound, starting each word

66
Q

repetition

A

reiterating the same word, phrase, or sentence, usually with parallel structure

67
Q

antithesis

A

a sentence composed of two parts with parallel structure but opposite meanings to create impact

68
Q

persuasion

A

a communication process of converting, modifying, or maintaining the attitudes and/or behavior of others

69
Q

attitude

A

a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some object

70
Q

the essential difference between coercion and persuasion is the

A

perception of free choice

71
Q

social judgment theory

A

when listeners hear a persuasive message, they compare it with attitudes they already hold

72
Q

anchor

A

reference point

73
Q

latitude of acceptance

A

positions a person finds tolerable

74
Q

latitude of noncommitment

A

positions that provoke only a neutral or ambivalent response

75
Q

latitude of rejection

A

positions the person would find objectionable because they are too far from the anchor attitude

76
Q

ego involvment

A

the degree to which an issue is relevant or important to a person

77
Q

counterperuasion

A

attacks from an opposing side

78
Q

elaboration likelihood model (ELM)

A

an overarching explanation for how listeners cope with the bombardment of persuasive messages by sorting them into those that are important, or central, and those that are less relevant, or peripheral

79
Q

parallel processing

A

listeners use both central and peripheral routes. see all aspects and the whole picture

80
Q

individualist cultures

A

emphasize personal autonomy and competitiveness, privacy, individual liberties, and toleration of nonconformity

81
Q

collectivist cultures

A

emphasize group harmony, intra-group cooperation and conformity, and individual sacrifice for the sake of the group

82
Q

proposition

A

the primary, overriding claim for a persuasive speech

83
Q

proposition of fact

A

alleges a truth, such as “open carry gun laws would provide significant protection against criminals.”

84
Q

proposition of value

A

calls for a judgment that assesses the worth or merit of an idea, object, or practice, such as “online classes provide an inferior educational experience for students.”

85
Q

proposition of policy

A

a significant change from how problems are currently handled, such as “smoking should be banned in all public places.”

86
Q

pathos

A

emotional appeals

87
Q

anger activism model

A

helps explain the relationship between anger and persuation

88
Q

framing

A

the influence wording has on our perception of choices

89
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

stress or discomfort when a individual holds two or more contradictory beliefs

90
Q

contrast effect

A

listeners are more likely to accept a bigger second request or offer when contrasted with a much bigger initial request or offer

91
Q

door-in-the-face strategy

A

outrageous solution to a more reasonable solution. works well when presenting your solution to a problem

92
Q

refutation

A

answering opposing arguments

93
Q

tribute speeches

A

praise or celebrate a person

94
Q

toast

A

a brief tribute to a person or couple

95
Q

roast

A

a purposely humorous tribute to a person

96
Q

guidelines for a roast

A
  1. humor is the key ingredient of any roast
  2. keep the tone positive
  3. be brief
  4. finish on a heartfelt, serious note
97
Q

eulogy

A

a tribute delivered in praise of a deceased friend or family member

98
Q

guidelines for a eulogy

A
  1. your opening should capture attention and set the theme
  2. your organizational pattern is typically narrative
  3. strive for emotional control
  4. be balanced and realistic in your praise
  5. relate what you will most remember and miss about the person
  6. finish strong
99
Q

speech introduction

A

prepares an audience for a speech to be given by a featured speaker

100
Q

speech of presentation

A

must communicate to the audience assembled the meaning and importance of the award

101
Q

commencement address

A

an inspirational speech that occurs at graduation ceremonies

102
Q

after-dinner speech

A

a presentation that typically occurs at a formal gathering of some group

Comm 101 (1 decks)

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