Exam 2

Question 1

DDT

Answer 1

Pesticide that thinned egg shells of birds that ate the plants
The idea behind the pesticide was to stop reproduction.

Question 2

Persecution for DDT

Answer 2

Was from humans who thought bald and golden eagles were harming crops and livestock.

Question 3

Section 10

Answer 3

Provisions that allow incidental take.

Question 4

Listing Discrimination

Answer 4

Section 4 of ESA.
Listing is based on best scientific and commercial dat at that time.
Listing is not suppose to consider economic impact or other social/political/etc. factors
Normally USFWS list species but organizations can petition to get species listed.

Question 5

Critical Habitat (Section 3 Part 5a)

Answer 5

Specific area within the geographical range occupied by the species at the time it is listed…on which are found those physical and biological.

Question 6

Recovery Plan

Answer 6

Once a species is listed USFWS is required to establish a recovery plan and recovery team.
Must incorporate: site-specific actions, objective, measurable criteria, estimate time required and cost to carry out measures necessary to achieve goals

Question 7

Section 7

Answer 7

Requirements for interagency consultation
Federal agencies must consult with USFWS to ensure federal actions don’t affect threatened and endangered species/ critical habitat.

Question 8

Marine Mammal Protection Act 1972

Answer 8

One of the most powerful acts protecting a particular group of wildlife.
Certain species and population stocks of marine mammals are or may be in danger of extinction or depletion as a result of human activities

Question 9

Species (ESA)

Answer 9

Includes any subspecies of fish, wildlife, or plants and any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish and wildlife which interbreeds when mature.

Question 10

Take

Answer 10

Harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, collect, capture or to attempt any of the previous in such conduct.

Question 11

Incidental Take

Answer 11

permit issued under Section 10 of the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) to private, non-federal entities undertaking otherwise lawful projects that might result in the take of an endangered or threatened species.

Question 12

Lacey Act 1900

Answer 12

Required Secretary of Agriculture to ensure preservation and restoration of game and wild birds

Question 13

Species Concepts

Answer 13

Biological: actually/potentially interbreeding natural population that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
Cohesion: inclusive group of organisms having potential for genetic/demographic exchangeability
Evolutionary: single lineage of ancestor descendent population that maintains its ID from other such lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate.
Phylogenetic: smallest aggregation of population (sex) or lineages (asexual) diagnosable by a unique combo of character states in comparable individuals
Recognition: most inclusive population of individual biparental
organisms that share a common fertilization system.
Ecological: lineage occupying an adaptive zone minimally different from that of any other linage in its range and which evolves separately from all,other lineages outside its range.

Question 14

Threatened Species (Section 3 Part 6)

Answer 14

Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within foreseeable future throughout all or majority of its range.

Question 15

Endangered Species Act (ESA 1973)

Answer 15

Central element of federal wildlife law
Controversial
Mandates species protection
Species recovery plans
Designation of critical habitat

Question 16

Scienter

Answer 16

Guilty knowledge or evidence

individual knowingly violates provisions of the act

Question 17

Hybridization (Introgression)

Answer 17

Population are not protected by ESA
Many organisms especially plants are descended from hybrids
Population has become independent evolutionary unit whose persistence does not depend on continuing hybridization.

Question 18

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

Answer 18

international agreement between governments.

Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

Question 19

Risk

Answer 19

Probability something will occur

Question 20

Risk Assessment

Answer 20

Estimate likelihood of occurrence

Question 21

Risk Management

Answer 21

Ways to minimize risk and respond appropriately

Question 22

Codes of Federal Regulation (CFR)

Answer 22

codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the federal government of the United States.

Question 23

Demographic

Answer 23

Family size, sex ratio, age at mortality, age at reproduction

Question 24

William F. Perrin

Answer 24

Brought the Tuna-Dolphin issue to the public eye.
First scientist to bring to American public attention the high level of incidental mortality to dolphins during human tuna fishing.

Question 25

Catastrophe

Answer 25

Extreme environmental variation ( weather, lightening-caused fires, etc.)
Connot control frequency

Question 26

Genetic Load

Answer 26

About 1 deleterious mutation per individual per generation

Question 27

Bottleneck

Answer 27

In size can increase frequency of deleterious genotype a (inbreeding) and increase the frequency of bad genes (drift)

Question 28

Effective Population Size (Ne)

Answer 28

Number of breeding adults that would give rise to the rate of observed inbreeding if mating were at random and sexes were equal in number
If Ne > 1,000 mutation accumulation is effectively halted for time scales relevant to ES management

Question 29

Optimum Sustainable Population (OSP)

Answer 29

Is a range of stock levels varying from low, to the (MSY), to a high Ecological Carrying Capacity (K)

Question 30

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

Answer 30

Maximum number of individuals that one can hunt and keep the population growing. Does not take size into account

Question 31

National Marine Fishery Services (NMFS)

Answer 31

Secretary of Commerce manages whales, porpoises, seals, sea lions

Question 32

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)

Answer 32

Functions in the capacity of the Secretary of Interior must make determination based on the best scientific and commercial data available.

Question 33

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)

Answer 33

Regulated take of migratory birds

Question 34

Potential Biological Removal (PBR)

Answer 34

Max number of animals, not including natural mortalities, that they be removed from a marine mammal stock while allowing that stock to reach/maintain its OSP

Question 35

Prima Facie Evidence

Answer 35

(legally sufficient evidence): a substantial ratio of dead, crippled, diseased, or starving wild animals or birds

Question 36

Bald Eagle Protection Act

Answer 36

Prohibits taking/possession of and commerce in bald and golden eagles with limited exceptions

Question 37

Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares)

Answer 37

Tuna that was caught in association with dolphins

Swam underneath schools of surface swimming Dolphins

Question 38

Endangered Species (Section 3 Part 6)

Answer 38

Species threatened with extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range
-excludes species of Insecta deemed to be an agriculture pest and whose protection would present an overwhelming and overriding risk to man

Question 39

Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata)

Answer 39

One of the dolphins affected by Yellowfin Tuna fishing

Question 40

Long-nose Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris)

Answer 40

One of the dolphins that was effected by Yellowfin Tuna fishing

Question 41

Purse Seine

Answer 41

Pile of net to catch Yellowfin Tuna

Net was casted out of the boat and reeled back in by wenches to catch Tuna and by-catch of Dolphins.

Question 42

Species Definition of CITES

Answer 42

Any species, subspecies, or geographically separate population thereof;

Question 43

Richey Decision

Answer 43

NMFS forced to impose regulations on take at end of 2 year grace period.
Environmental group sued

Question 44

Balelo vs. Baldridge

Answer 44

Boat captains contended on-board observers violated Constitutional prohibition against unwarranted search and seizure.
Federal District Court ruled 5th amendment right to the Constitution was violated but Appeals Court overturned.

Question 45

United States Code (USC)

Answer 45

the codification by subject matter of the general and permanent laws of the United States. It is divided by broad subjects into 53 titles and published by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Question 46

Statute

Answer 46

A written law that is formally created by a government

A written rule or regulation

Question 47

Migratory Bird Conservation Act 1929

Answer 47

Provided for acquisition of refuges for migratory birds

Question 48

Endangered Species Committee (God Squad)

Answer 48

Seven cabinet level members 
administrator of the EPA 
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
secretary of agriculture
secretary of army
secretary of Interior
representative from affected state
chairman Council of economic advisers

Question 49

Conservation conflicts with the ESA

Answer 49

Inland species by USFWS (Northern Goshawk and Mexican Spotted Owl)
Marine species by NMFS (Marine Mammals and Salmonoids)
1978 amendment to establish requirements for recovery plans

Question 50

Sources of risk on endangered species management

Answer 50

Habitat loss, introduced species, over harvesting, decline of population leaving them more to chance