Exam 2 Flashcards
DDT
Pesticide that thinned egg shells of birds that ate the plants
The idea behind the pesticide was to stop reproduction.
Persecution for DDT
Was from humans who thought bald and golden eagles were harming crops and livestock.
Section 10
Provisions that allow incidental take.
Listing Discrimination
Section 4 of ESA.
Listing is based on best scientific and commercial dat at that time.
Listing is not suppose to consider economic impact or other social/political/etc. factors
Normally USFWS list species but organizations can petition to get species listed.
Critical Habitat (Section 3 Part 5a)
Specific area within the geographical range occupied by the species at the time it is listed…on which are found those physical and biological.
Recovery Plan
Once a species is listed USFWS is required to establish a recovery plan and recovery team.
Must incorporate: site-specific actions, objective, measurable criteria, estimate time required and cost to carry out measures necessary to achieve goals
Section 7
Requirements for interagency consultation
Federal agencies must consult with USFWS to ensure federal actions don’t affect threatened and endangered species/ critical habitat.
Marine Mammal Protection Act 1972
One of the most powerful acts protecting a particular group of wildlife.
Certain species and population stocks of marine mammals are or may be in danger of extinction or depletion as a result of human activities
Species (ESA)
Includes any subspecies of fish, wildlife, or plants and any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish and wildlife which interbreeds when mature.
Take
Harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, collect, capture or to attempt any of the previous in such conduct.
Incidental Take
permit issued under Section 10 of the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) to private, non-federal entities undertaking otherwise lawful projects that might result in the take of an endangered or threatened species.
Lacey Act 1900
Required Secretary of Agriculture to ensure preservation and restoration of game and wild birds
Species Concepts
Biological: actually/potentially interbreeding natural population that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
Cohesion: inclusive group of organisms having potential for genetic/demographic exchangeability
Evolutionary: single lineage of ancestor descendent population that maintains its ID from other such lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate.
Phylogenetic: smallest aggregation of population (sex) or lineages (asexual) diagnosable by a unique combo of character states in comparable individuals
Recognition: most inclusive population of individual biparental
organisms that share a common fertilization system.
Ecological: lineage occupying an adaptive zone minimally different from that of any other linage in its range and which evolves separately from all,other lineages outside its range.
Threatened Species (Section 3 Part 6)
Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within foreseeable future throughout all or majority of its range.
Endangered Species Act (ESA 1973)
Central element of federal wildlife law Controversial Mandates species protection Species recovery plans Designation of critical habitat
Scienter
Guilty knowledge or evidence
individual knowingly violates provisions of the act
Hybridization (Introgression)
Population are not protected by ESA
Many organisms especially plants are descended from hybrids
Population has become independent evolutionary unit whose persistence does not depend on continuing hybridization.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
international agreement between governments.
Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
Risk
Probability something will occur
Risk Assessment
Estimate likelihood of occurrence
Risk Management
Ways to minimize risk and respond appropriately
Codes of Federal Regulation (CFR)
codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the federal government of the United States.
Demographic
Family size, sex ratio, age at mortality, age at reproduction
William F. Perrin
Brought the Tuna-Dolphin issue to the public eye.
First scientist to bring to American public attention the high level of incidental mortality to dolphins during human tuna fishing.
Catastrophe
Extreme environmental variation ( weather, lightening-caused fires, etc.)
Connot control frequency
Genetic Load
About 1 deleterious mutation per individual per generation
Bottleneck
In size can increase frequency of deleterious genotype a (inbreeding) and increase the frequency of bad genes (drift)
Effective Population Size (Ne)
Number of breeding adults that would give rise to the rate of observed inbreeding if mating were at random and sexes were equal in number
If Ne > 1,000 mutation accumulation is effectively halted for time scales relevant to ES management
Optimum Sustainable Population (OSP)
Is a range of stock levels varying from low, to the (MSY), to a high Ecological Carrying Capacity (K)
Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
Maximum number of individuals that one can hunt and keep the population growing. Does not take size into account
National Marine Fishery Services (NMFS)
Secretary of Commerce manages whales, porpoises, seals, sea lions
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
Functions in the capacity of the Secretary of Interior must make determination based on the best scientific and commercial data available.
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)
Regulated take of migratory birds
Potential Biological Removal (PBR)
Max number of animals, not including natural mortalities, that they be removed from a marine mammal stock while allowing that stock to reach/maintain its OSP
Prima Facie Evidence
(legally sufficient evidence): a substantial ratio of dead, crippled, diseased, or starving wild animals or birds
Bald Eagle Protection Act
Prohibits taking/possession of and commerce in bald and golden eagles with limited exceptions
Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares)
Tuna that was caught in association with dolphins
Swam underneath schools of surface swimming Dolphins
Endangered Species (Section 3 Part 6)
Species threatened with extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range
-excludes species of Insecta deemed to be an agriculture pest and whose protection would present an overwhelming and overriding risk to man
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata)
One of the dolphins affected by Yellowfin Tuna fishing
Long-nose Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris)
One of the dolphins that was effected by Yellowfin Tuna fishing
Purse Seine
Pile of net to catch Yellowfin Tuna
Net was casted out of the boat and reeled back in by wenches to catch Tuna and by-catch of Dolphins.
Species Definition of CITES
Any species, subspecies, or geographically separate population thereof;
Richey Decision
NMFS forced to impose regulations on take at end of 2 year grace period.
Environmental group sued
Balelo vs. Baldridge
Boat captains contended on-board observers violated Constitutional prohibition against unwarranted search and seizure.
Federal District Court ruled 5th amendment right to the Constitution was violated but Appeals Court overturned.
United States Code (USC)
the codification by subject matter of the general and permanent laws of the United States. It is divided by broad subjects into 53 titles and published by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the U.S. House of Representatives.
Statute
A written law that is formally created by a government
A written rule or regulation
Migratory Bird Conservation Act 1929
Provided for acquisition of refuges for migratory birds
Endangered Species Committee (God Squad)
Seven cabinet level members administrator of the EPA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) secretary of agriculture secretary of army secretary of Interior representative from affected state chairman Council of economic advisers
Conservation conflicts with the ESA
Inland species by USFWS (Northern Goshawk and Mexican Spotted Owl)
Marine species by NMFS (Marine Mammals and Salmonoids)
1978 amendment to establish requirements for recovery plans
Sources of risk on endangered species management
Habitat loss, introduced species, over harvesting, decline of population leaving them more to chance
