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Biology of Sex > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Male Gamete

A

Sperm. Only the nucleus of the sperm enters the ovum

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2
Q

Female Gamete

A

Ovum.

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3
Q

Sex

A

a mechanism that results in recombination

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4
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

A

can always reproduce
energetically efficient
no sexual competition
effective traits are not diluted

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5
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

A

undesirable traits maintained
desirable traits selected slowly
lack of variation

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6
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Binary fission in prokaryotes
Mitosis in single-celled orgs
Budding/Fission
Parthenogenesis

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7
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

production of new female individuals from unfertilized eggs (always female)

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8
Q

Binary Fission

A

Prokaryotes (ex: bacteria) have no nucleus. So chromosome is duplicated and a cell wall is laid down along the cell midline

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

Eukaryotes have an organized nucleus divided by mitosis (Ex: Amoeba)

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10
Q

Budding

A

part of the parent’s body wall bulges and forms a new individual (Ex: hydra)

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11
Q

Fission

A

an individual splits into two or more descendants (Ex: flatworm)

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12
Q

Bdelloid Rotifers

A

never been seen to have sex, males, or meiosis. Maintain some heterozygosity bc alleles on homologous chromosomes con evolve independently.

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13
Q

Sexual Parasitism

A

?

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14
Q

Cnemidophorus

A

eggs are produced by mitosis?

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15
Q

Functions of Sex

A

DNA repair, Tangled Bank (variation allows development), Red Queen (variation helps orgs stay ahead of their parasites)

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16
Q

conspecifics

A

members of the same species

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17
Q

Kinds of Sex

A

Reassortment
Conjugation
Nuclear fusion and meiosis

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18
Q

Reassortment

A

entry into host cell, replication of the viral genome, production of viral proteins, assembly of a new generation of virus particles, exit from in infected cell (ex: influenza strains)

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19
Q

Conjugation

A

Sex without reproduction bc no new individuals are made. Can be considered a form of sex because two individuals come together to exchange genetic information. (Ex: Paramecium)

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20
Q

Meiosis and Nuclear Fusion

A

Involves formation of sex cells through meiosis and fusion of their nuclei.

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21
Q

Facultative Sex

A

Some orgs are asexual but have sex under certain situations. Usually asexual when food is abundant but sexual individuals are born near the ned of the season to mix up genes for next season (Ex: aphids/daphnia)

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22
Q

Monoecious

A

both male and female flowers occur on the same individual

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23
Q

Dioecious

A

male and female flowers are on separate individuals

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24
Q

Simultaneous Hermaphrodites

A

produce both kinds of gametes at the same time and can fertilize themselves (Ex: sea slug, blue banded goby, flatworm)

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25
Q

Sequential Hermaphrodites

A

produce either type of gamete, but not at the same time. Can be male or female depending on what its mate is doing.

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26
Q

Gonostoma

A

able to act as male or female or as simultaneous hermaphrodites

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27
Q

Protogyny

A

begin life as females and later become males (Ex: cichlid

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28
Q

Protandry

A

begin life as males and change into females (ex: clownfish)

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29
Q

External Fertilization

A

Most common form of fertilization in aquatic habitats. Usually no specialized organs for fertilization

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30
Q

Internal Fertilization

A

Almost always sexual dimorphism. Specialized organs for fertilization.

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31
Q

Vertebrate Reproduction

A

hagfishes, charks, bony fishes, coelacanth, lungfish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

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32
Q

Chondrichthyan Male

A

Have claspers that are used to internally fertilize eggs.

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33
Q

Male Chimaera

A

Have clasper. Have that organ on the head?

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34
Q

Gonopodium

A

intromittent organ (genital). Females like larger ones but they can make the males slower and easier targets.

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35
Q

Coelacanth

A

Have internal fertilization but no intromittent organ in males.

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36
Q

Male and female gonad development

A

??

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37
Q

Homologous Organs in human male and female genitals

A 
Glans Penis : Glans Clitoris
Penile Foreskin : Clitoral hood
Urethral Surface of the Penis : Labia Minora
Scrotum : Labia majora 
Corpus
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38
Q

Synthesis of sex steroids and their consequences

A

Cholesterol -> Progesterone -> testosterone -> Estrdiol (females)or Dihydrotestosterone (males)

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39
Q

G Spot

A

inside the vagina

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40
Q

Montreme

A

multiheaded penis

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41
Q

Bifurcate Penis

A

male shrews have this

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42
Q

Average flaccid penis size

A

3.4 inches, 8.8 cm

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43
Q

Average erect penis size

A

12.9 cm, 5 in

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44
Q

Baculum

A

penis bone. found in PRIC (primates, rodents, insectivores, carnivores)

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45
Q

Semen

A

composed of sperm and secretions from the prostate gland, the seminal vesicles and the bulbourethral glands.

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46
Q

Sperm

A

can survive between six and seven days in female genital organs. usually only survive two

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47
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

the production and release of ova

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48
Q

Uterine Cycle

A

preparation of the uterus for implantation by a fertilized egg

49
Q

Hormones involved in ovarian cycle

A

FSH

LH

50
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

promotes development of an ovarian follicle (produced by anterior pituitary gland)

51
Q

Lutenizing Hormone

A

triggers ovulation and corpus lute development (anterior pituitary gland)

52
Q

Hormones involved in Uterine Cycle

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

53
Q

Estrogen

A

estrodil, a form of estrogen produced by the ovary. Been found to influence sexual receptivity.increase blood flow to the uterus

54
Q

Progesterone

A

primarily produced by the ovary and is involved in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining pregnancy.functions to inhibit the smooth muscle in
the uterus, slowing its contractions and also decreases prostaglandin formation, both of which allow the fetus to grow with the expanding uterus

55
Q

Hormones involved in pregnancy

A

HGC
Progesterone
Estrogens
Prolactin

56
Q

Human Chronic Gonadotropin

A

maintains the
corpus luteum in the ovary until the placenta begins to produce estrogen and progesterone (this is the chemical used for pregnancy tests; it is also the cause of nausea often associated with early pregnancy)

57
Q

Human Placental Lactogen

A

Prolactin prepares the breasts for milk production

58
Q

Androgens

A

hormones that regulate many functions in males

59
Q

Testosterone

A

an androgen that is involved
in the development of male reproductive structures as the testis and prostate. promotes secondary sexual
characteristics such as muscle and bone mass and hair growth

60
Q

Hormones in males and females

A

Estrogen (more in females)

Testosterone (more in males)

61
Q

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals

A 
Atrazine (feminization in fishes, birds, rats, and frogs)
Soy beans (contain estrogen, might make men more feminine)
62
Q

Developmental Ontogeny

A

differentiation from egg to mature individual.

63
Q

Human Ontogeny

A

fertilized egg -> blastula -> gastrulation -> organogenesis

64
Q

Male Gamete Formation

A

spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> two secondary spermatocytes -> four spermatids -> four spermatozoa

65
Q

Female Gamete Formation

A

oogonium -> primary oocyte -> secondary oocyte and 1 polar body -> one ovum and three polar bodies

66
Q

Response of ovum to fertilization

A

envelope begins to lift and clear excess sperm

67
Q

Cleavage

A

rapid cell division that follows fertilization

68
Q

Morula

A

solid mass resulted from cleavage

69
Q

Blastula

A

further developed Morula

70
Q

Gastrula

A

developing embryo

71
Q

Deuterostomata

A

a large group of oganisma that includes echinoderms

72
Q

Maternal Effects

A

result from cytoplasmic determinants present in the egg before fertilization.

73
Q

Cytoplasmic determinant

A

a molecule found
in the egg that helps direct early development. These determinants affect development independently of sperm or zygote genotype

74
Q

Homeotic Genes

A

evolutionary conserved gene complexes. They regulate the expression of the gene

75
Q

HOX genes

A

involved in the development of the particular features of body segments

76
Q

Transcription factors

A

special proteins that control which genes are expressed by a particular cell

77
Q

Bicoid mutation

A

results in larvae that lack structures on the anterior end and instead have duplicated posterior segments

78
Q

Homeosis

A

the replacement of one structure by another

79
Q

Homeotic Genes

A

specify the proper location and development of various body structures.

80
Q

HoxA-11 and HoxA-10

A

promote maturation of the endometrium

81
Q

Costs of finding a mate

A

maintaining territories, conflict with other suitors, inattentiveness during copulation

82
Q

Anisogamy

A

large difference in gamete size

83
Q

Parent-Parent conflict

A

praying mantises

84
Q

Parent-offspring conflict

A

 It is the interest of the young to demand nutrients
and in the interest of the parent to limit that demand in order to be able to reproduce again
 This is especially a concern when one parent does
all the care

85
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

oxytocin, vasopressin

86
Q

Oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contraction, milk let-down, feelings of nurturance

87
Q

Vassopressin

A

social behavior and bonding when released in the brain

88
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

gonadotropic hormone, prolactin

89
Q

prolactin

A

stimulates milk production

90
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

sex hormones, stimulate

reproductive organs and sex characteristics

91
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

epinephrine and

norepinephrine, stimulate the muscles and increase heart rate

92
Q

Testis

A

androgens (testosterone is the most

common), stimulate male sex characteristics

93
Q

Ovaries

A

estrogens and progesterone, stimulate

female sex characteristics

94
Q

Three kinds of Love

A

romantic, lust , attachment

95
Q

Chemicals of sex and love

A

serotonin, dopamine, testosterone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, oxytocin, vasopressin

96
Q

Romantic Love

A

evident in the caudit body part of the brain, later evident in the retrosplenial cortex. usually lasts 12-18 months

97
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A

center for neurons tha produce dopamine. Causes increase in attention and feelings of high energy

98
Q

Serotonin

A

mood, memory, processing, sleep, cognition

99
Q

Dopamine

A

reward, pleasure, motor functions, compulsation

100
Q

Jealousy in Males

A

brain lights up in areas associated with sex and aggression

101
Q

Jealousy in Females

A

emotional jealousy, brain lights up in areas associated with detection of others’ intention or violation of social norms

102
Q

Hormones of attachment love

A

oxytocin, vasopressin

103
Q

origin of wet dreams

A

intercourse with tiny

spiritual creatures called incubi and succubi

104
Q

Bundling

A

board that separated the bed for puritans

105
Q

Henry Havelock Ellis

A

British physician. pioneer in studying sexual behavior

106
Q

Dr. Celia Mosher

A

studied sexual behavior

107
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

sexual research in 40’s and 50’s

108
Q

Cultivation

A

The view that exposure to the mass media

makes people think that what they see there represents the mainstream of what really occurs

109
Q

Social Learning

A

Characters in media serve as role models

110
Q

Trobriand Islanders

A

Kissing consists of sucking the lips and tongue of the partner permitting saliva to flow from one mouth to the other.

111
Q

Blue-Gill sunfishes

A

3 kinds of males: parental, sneaker, satellite

112
Q

Bonobos

A

have a matriarchal society

113
Q

Chimps

A

females mate with several males

114
Q

Lifestyle factors in sperm quality

A

sperm more motile in men from urban environments.

115
Q

Uterus

A

derived from the primitive oviduct

116
Q

epididymus

A

sperm are stored and mature here

117
Q

Corpus cavernosa

A

gives penis and clitoris the rigid feeling

118
Q

Progesterone

A

prepares the uterus for the embryo

Biology of Sex (2 decks)

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