Exam 2

Question 1

processing performed with little demand on attention (well practiced tasks)

Answer 1

Automatic processes

Question 2

Organize perceptions by distinguishing between a figure and a background GP

Answer 2

Figure-Ground

Question 3

Elements tend to be grouped together according to their nearness GP

Answer 3

Proximity

Question 4

Items similar in some respect tend to be grouped together GP

Answer 4

Similarity

Question 5

Based on smooth continuity which is preferred to abrupt changes of direction GP

Answer 5

Continuity

Question 6

Items are grouped together if they tend to complete a figure GP

Answer 6

Closure

Question 7

Prefer to perceive objects as mirror images GP

Answer 7

Symmetry

Question 8

allows us to process important information

ex: “cocktail party effect”

Answer 8

selective attention

Question 9

allows us to filter out unwanted information

ex: studying with the radio on

Answer 9

focused attention

Question 10

allows us to perform multiple tasks at once

ex: driving while tuning the stereo

Answer 10

divided attention

Question 11

switching between cognitive tasks and results in “time-sharing decrement” – the drop in performance of one or both tasks

Answer 11

time-sharing

Question 12

Features of display can be read faster and more accurately if they are consistent with features in memory

Answer 12

Feature compatibility

Question 13

Printed CAPS are recognized more easily than lowercase in isolated words, but mixture of lower and upper cases is best for sentences• Example: WARNING! Keep a safe distance

Answer 13

upper and lowercase

Question 14

Print is easier to read than cursive

Answer 14

use print for text display

Question 15

Avoid abbreviations, but when needed use a consistent rule such as 3 – 4 letter truncation.
• Example: NAVAIRWARCENTRASYSDIV

Answer 15

minimize abbreviations

Question 16

separating strings into chunks makes it easier to read and remember
• Example: (850) 555-1234

Answer 16

space between words or strings

Question 17

attentional control system that coordinates info from other two subsystems.

Answer 17

Central Executive

Question 18

holds info in spatial form while it is being used.

Answer 18

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Question 19

represents verbal information in an acoustical form while it is being rehearsed.• Kept active by sub-vocal articulation

Answer 19

Phonological Loop

Question 20

• One’s entire knowledge structure about a given topic

* Experts knowledge may be structured very differently from novices

Answer 20

Schema

Question 21

• information is stored in a network of associations
• Think about how you try to recall a name from your past. Does it start by thinking of something associated with that person?

Answer 21

Semantic Networks

Question 22

(data-driven) – object recognition guided by sensory features

Answer 22

bottom up

Question 23

(conceptually-driven) – object recognition affected by surrounding context
• Typically both processes work simultaneously, but when stimulus quality is low, top-down processing is predominant.

Answer 23

top down

Question 24

 Man-made artifacts designed to support the perception of relevant system variables and facilitate further processing of that information

Answer 24

displays

Question 25

 Act as a medium between some aspects of the actual information in a system and the operator’s perception and awareness of what the system is doing, what needs to be done, and how the system functions (mental model)

Answer 25

displays

Question 26

four categories utilized to categorize the thirteen principles of design

Answer 26

 Perceptual operations
 Concept of mental model
 Human attention
 Human memory

Question 27

warnings

Answer 27

most critical – signaled by salient auditory (omnidirectional) alerts

Question 28

caustions

Answer 28

moderately critical – may be signaled by less salient auditory alerts

Question 29

advisories

Answer 29

Least critical – may be signaled with peripheral cue (visually)

Question 30

labels

Answer 30

static displays of knowledge in the world

Question 31

scientific measurement and collection of data about human physical characteristics and the application (engineering anthropometry) of these datain the design and evaluation of systems, equipment, manufactured products, human environments, and facilities.

Answer 31

Anthropometry

Question 32

once a hypothesis has been generated, people tend to underutilize subsequent cues. That is, we remain stuck on our initial hypothesis (ex., 3 Mile island)

Answer 32

cognitive tunneling

Question 33

tendency to seek out only confirming information and not disconfirming information (ex., car won’t start and battery dead, fail to check alternator).
 Is exaggerated under high stress and mental workload

Answer 33

confirmation bias

Question 34

look at functionality of objects beyond their normal use (ex., Apollo 13)

Answer 34

overcome

Question 35

Difference between CT and CB

Answer 35

CT people adopt and fixate on a single Ho, assume that it is correct, and proceed with a solution. With CB people have a Ho that they are trying to evaluate and seek only confirming information in evaluating the hypothesis

Question 36

A straight-line, point-to-point vertical measurement from a reference plane

Answer 36

height

Question 37

A straight-line, point-to-point horizontal measurement running across the body

Answer 37

breadth

Question 38

A straight-line, point-to-point measurement running fore-aft.

Answer 38

depth

Question 39

A straight-line, point-to-point measurement between landmarks on the body.

Answer 39

length

Question 40

A closed measurement that follows a body contour.

Answer 40

circumfrence

Question 41

A point-to-point, but not closed, measurement that follows a body contour.

Answer 41

curvature