Exam 2 Flashcards
Is caused by injury to the flexor tendon and to the tendon sheath, it is usually in the front legs. Scar tissue in tendons causes a thickening and a bowed appearance. This is unsoundness
Bowed Tendon
Is arthritis in the bones of the hock. There may be swelling on the lower inside of the hock. This is a serious unsoundness.
Bone Spavin
Are pinched, narrow heels and a shrunken frog due to the lack of normal hoof expansion. This can lead to unsoundness.
Contracted heels
Is a hoof crippled by laminitis. The hoof has irregular growth rings and may have a dropped sole. The wall may separate from the sole at the white line. Often the feet are tender or the horse is lame. This is an unsoundness.
Foundered foot
Is a deep infection of the withers?
Fistula
Is an infection beneath the white line?
Gravel
Are small cuts or callouses on the inside of the ankles which indicate where the opposite foot strikes the ankle during movement?
Interference marks
A crippling change in the navicular bone within the hoof?
Navicular disease
A split in the side of the foot extending upward from the ground?
Quarter crack
Is a form of arthritis in the bones of the pastern?
Ringbone
Refers to a condition in which the stifle joint accidentally locks due to a loose ligament and poor conformation?
Stifled
A swelling on the front of the knee caused by an injury and is common in jumpers?
Big Knee
A swelling of the joint capsule of the hock due to a direct blow to the neck?
Bog Spavin
A permanent swelling on the point of the hock due to a direct blow to the hock?
Capped hock
A permanent swelling on the point of the elbow caused by pressure of the shoe when lying down?
Capped elbow
Are firm, fluid swellings on or near the ankles due to the joint capsule being stretched with extra joint fluid?
Windpuffs
A thickening of the ligament which runs along the back of the hock?
Curb
A condition in which the collateral cartilage of the hoof turns to bone?
Sidebone
A calcified lump that cements the splint bone to the cannon bone?
Splint
Considerations for proper hoof health:
- Daily care (picking, hoof treatments)
- Farrier care
- Conformation
- Environment
- Nutrition
- Exercise
Is a unique covering of the hoof that grows continually to compensate for wear and tear?
Outer shell
Provides shape of the foot and rigidity needed to bear weight?
Coffin or pedal bone
Expands and contracts to absorb shock and pumps blood from the foot back toward the heart?
Plantar cushion
Serves as a fulcrum and bearing surface for the deep flexor tendon, which is responsible for extension of the foot?
Navicular bone
Attaches the hoof wall to the coffin bone and is a main area of blood circulation within the foot?
Laminae
Gives protection to the sensitive inner structures and helps support weight. Attaches securely to the lower surface of the pedal (coffin) bone.
Sole
Provides grip and acts as a shock absorber along with supplying nutrition to the digital cushion?
Frog
The coronary band is a source of _____ for the hoof wall/
Growth
Indicates the position of the sensitive structures of the foot and the thickness of the wall?
White line
Trim hoof every _____ weeks starting at 1 month of age as corrective trimming is beneficial at younger ages.
4 to 8 weeks
While trimming the hoof, foot level with ideal hoof angle at _____ degrees?
50-52 degrees
Average toe length?
3 1/2 inches
Is considered the first premolar, erupting around 5 to 6 months and would be found just in front of the first large premolar?
Wolf teeth
If the ______ are not present at birth they usually erupt within 8 days with the ______ erupting by 8 weeks and the _____ by about 8 months.
- Central incisors: 8 days
- Intermediate incisors: 8 weeks
- Corner incisors: 8 months
T/F: The deciduous teeth or temporary milk teeth can be distinguished from permanent teeth because they are wider than they are tall and they have shallow roots.
True
T/F: At 3 years, the upper central and lower central incisors have grown out enough to meet, and therefore, begin to grind against one another, referred to as being “in wear”
True
Males horses have four _____ teeth located between their corner incisor and the molars appearing during the horse’s 4 year old year.
Canine
Horses are considered to have a “full mouth” at ____ years, which means that all permanent teeth have erupted and are in wear.
5 years
The cups disappear from the ______ at 6 years of age, the _____ at 7 years and the ______ at 8 years.
- Bottom central incisors: 6 years
- Intermediate incisors: 7 years
- Corner incisors: 8 years
T/F: The term “smooth mouthed horse” applies to a horse 12 years of age or older when all cups are gone and the grinding surface is smooth.
True
The dental star will appear in the central incisors at ____ years of age, intermediates at ____ years, and corners at ____ years.
- Central incisors: 8 years
- Intermediates: 9 years
- Corners: 10 years
T/F: While a horse under 9 years of age will have a rectangular grinding surface, a horse from 9 to mid-teens will have a more rounded grinding surface and a horse in its later teens or older will have a triangular surface.
True
T/F: The younger horse will show a shorter tooth visible below the gum line, while a term used for the older horse is “long in the tooth” due to more visible tooth.
True
T/F: When viewed from the side with lips parted, the young horse will exhibit a more vertical alignment to the incisors, while an older horse will have more of an angle with a more protruded appearance.
True
The Galvayne’s Groove begins at the center of the outer surface of the corner incisor in a _____ year old, while at ____ years it extends the entire length of tooth.
10 year old; 20 years
Another subtle indicator of age on the same top corner incisor as the Galvayne’s Groove is the ____ and ____ year hook.
7 and 11
Saddle sores are due to _____
Improper fit and padding
A horse owner can treat saddle sores by using soap with warm water and by using _____
Topical ointments (Vaseline, preparation H, furezon)
_____ are caused by bacteria getting into the hoof capsule and common ways a horse owner can detect these are the horse will not bare weight on the hoof and heat in hoof “bounding” vessels along the pasterns.
Abscesses
The horse owner should call a veterinarian or a farrier, but while the owner is waiting they can keep the horse still in a stall with bedding, pick out the hoof, and can even soak the hoof with ______ and warm water to draw out the abscess.
Epson salts
Is detected by a horse owner by noticing behavioral signs such as the horse excessively laying down or rocking back on their legs or by feeling the horse’s legs for heat in both front feet, “bounding” vessels, “sawhorse” appearance.
Laminitis or also known as “foundering”
In the early onset of laminitis, a horse owner may be advised to place the horse’s legs into a bucket filled with ______ and further treatment of the laminitic hoof after the early onset may include heavy stall bedding, anti-inflammatories, corrective shoeing.
Ice, cold water
After exercise to reduce swelling associated with exercise, a horse owner may rub on _____ around the cannon bone and surrounding tendons followed by a standing wrap with cotton quilts.
Laniment
_____ is commonly associated with swelling of the tendon region on the back of the cannon bone in which hosing with cold (temperature) water followed by applying a poultice (mud) with a stable/standing wrap is recommended.
Undiagnosed or generalized lameness
Is abdominal pain that could be associated with the small or large intestines or the stomach in which common behavioral signs to note would include not wanting to eat, biting at sides, rolling, and curling upper lip, pawing, and kicking.
Colic
Vital signs to measure include checking the gums to detect capillary refill time in which after you press them the color should come back in _____.
2 or less seconds
A horse owner can do a skin pinch test, listen to gut sounds, and take temperature in which the range for a normal horse is ______
99/99.5 to 100.5/101.5
Respiratory rate for a standing horse should be _____ breaths/minute and the pulse, which is taken under the chin or at the side of the corner of the eye, should be ____ beats/minute at rest.
- 12/14 to 17/25
- 28/30 to 36/40
For treating cuts, a horse owner can apply soapy water and wrap if it is bleeding, but should call a veterinarian as a ____ shot may be required along with needing to put the horse on antibiotics.
Tetanus
A dental examination of the horse’s teeth including having the teeth _____ so that the teeth are filed and smoothed down along the contact areas in which this should be done by your veterinarian yearly (time).
Floated
Are scars and irregularities that do not affect the serviceability of the horse such as a capped elbow or hock, and so, should not be confused as an unsoundness.
Blemishes
Causes a horse to be lame demonstrating abnormal gait variations or otherwise becoming unserviceable.
Unsoundness
Symmetrical Basic Gaits:
- Walk
- Trot
- Pace
- Back
Asymmetrical Basic Gaits:
- Canter
- Gallop
Intramuscular injection sites for common equine vaccinations:
- Neck
- Chest
- Croup
- Buttocks
