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Tox Exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Quantitative risk assessment…

A

ascertains the quality of the available experimental data

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2
Q

What is the highest prioritized US EPA default for data selection in hazard identification and dose response?

A

Select human data over animal data

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3
Q

True or False. Asthma is characterized by open airways and easy gas exchange

A

False

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4
Q

In the conducting airway, what are the anatomic structures that induce protective effects?

A

Mucus
Cilia
Mucous layer

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5
Q

What is cancer characterized by?

A
  • Uncontrolled cell growth and cell metastasis

- Mutations and aberrant gene expression

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6
Q

Steps of Multistage Carcinogenesis

A

Initiation -> promotion-> progression

DNA damage -> proliferation -> proliferation

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7
Q

What is the multi-stepped process of cells in cancer?

A

Normal -> hyperplasia -> mild dysplasia -> carcinoma in situ -> cancer (invasive)

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8
Q

What are the two types of genotoxic carcinogens?

A

Direct-acting

Indirect-acting

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9
Q

What are some characteristics of direct-acting carcinogens?

A
  • don’t require metabolic activity
  • highly electrophilic
  • interact with macromolecules
  • ultimate carcinogens
  • test positive in Ames Test
  • cause tumors at site of exposure
  • detoxification pathways can inactivate
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10
Q

What are some characteristics of indirect-acting carcinogens?

A
  • require metabolic activity
  • metabolites are highly electrophilic
  • interact with macromolecules
  • ultimate carcinogen
  • cause tumors at target tissue site
  • detoxification pathways can inactivate
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11
Q

What are the difference DNA repair pathways?

A
  1. direct reversal of DNA damage
  2. excision repair, base excision repair, nucleotide repair, or mismatch repair
  3. postreplicational repair (recombination repair)
  4. nonhomologous end-jointing, double strand break repair
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12
Q

What acts as the accelerator in cells?

A

proto-oncogenes

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13
Q

What acts as the brake in cells?

A

tumor suppressors

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14
Q

What do 90% of all human cancers have dysregulating?

A

p53

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15
Q

What is the BBB extremely sensitive to?

A

oxygen and glucose

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16
Q

What are the energy requirements of the BBB?

A

highly dependent on aerobic metabolism

17
Q

What are the differences between systemic capillaries and brain capillaries?

A

Systemic- fenestration and abundant pinocytosis

Brain- tight junction and lack pinocytosis

18
Q

What are the three components of axonal transport?

A

Fast axonal transport
Intermediate axonal transport
Slow component

19
Q

What is axonopathy?

A

axon degenerates while neuronal cell body continues to survive

20
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

degeneration of distal nerve stump

21
Q

How is myelin formed?

A

CNS- oligodendrocytes

PNS- Schwann cells

22
Q

What are the four targets of neurotoxicity?

A

neuron, axon, myelinating cell, neurotransmitter system

23
Q

Can axons regenerate?

A

CNS- no

PNS- yes

24
Q

Can myelin regenerate?

A

CNS- very limited

PNS- Schwann cells capable of remyelinating the axon

25
Q

What enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission?

A

cocaine

26
Q

What do nasal passages function as?

A

filters for larger particles

27
Q

Where does gas exchange take place?

A

alveoli

28
Q

What do type 1 and 2 alveolar cells do?

A

1- cover large SA

2- produce surfactant, mitotic division into type 1

29
Q

What cells contain a high content of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes?

A

clara cells

30
Q

What is bronchoconstriction triggered by?

A

irritants, drugs, peptides

31
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

increased amounts of collagen that causes lung stiffness

32
Q

What are some blood-borne agents that cause pulmonary toxicity in humans?

A 
paraquat
monocrotaline
bleomycin
cyclophosphamide
cationic amphophilic drugs
33
Q

What are methods for studying injury of respiratory systems?

A
  • Inhalation exposure systems
  • Pulmonary function studies
  • morphologic techniques
  • pulmonary lavage
  • in vitro approaches
34
Q

What are biomarkers?

A

biological indicators of exposure or effects detected in body fluids and other tissues
-provide info relative to internal exposure and disease

35
Q

What are the types of biomarkers?

A
  • parent agent
  • biotransformed parent agent (metabolite)
  • increased/decreased endogenous levels of biochemicals
  • altered biochemical/cellular component/ cell
36
Q

What is the allergy mechanism?

A

Hapten + tissue protein = complete antigen –> sensitized t-lymphocytes

37
Q

What are examples of biomarkers of response?

A
  • decreased cells
  • elevated liver enzymes
  • increased release of biochemical
38
Q

What are some factors that influence intensity of response?

A
  • duration and rate of entry
  • concentration and dose
  • mode and route of exposure
  • acute vs. chronic
  • age and state of health
  • dose-response
  • env. variables
  • genetics

Tox Exam 2 (1 decks)

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