Exam 2

Question 1

members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traits

(ex. females choose males based on width of male eye span)

Answer 1

inter-sexual selection

Question 2

create H2O current through sponge pores & ingest food by phagocytosis (the way a sponge digests food) and allow the sponge to move in the water

Answer 2

choanocytes

Question 3

unique specialized cells on epidermis of cnidarians that allows them to sense things (and sting prey)

Answer 3

cnidocytes

Question 4

special type of cnidocyte that contains a small but powerful harpoon used to sting food & for defense

Answer 4

nematocyst

Question 5

after food has been filtered in sponges, water leaves the sponge through this opening

Answer 5

osculum

Question 6

• composed of calcium carbonate or silica & collagen (protein) which provide structural support
• in mesohyl, made by amoebocytes
• NOT in all sponges
• have diverse shapes

Answer 6

spicules

Question 7

when sponges are filtering food, water enters through pores into this cavity

Answer 7

spongocoel

Question 8

what allows cnidarians to sense their environment?

Answer 8

nerve net

Question 9

the central layer of the “vase” of sponges that includes a gelatinous, protein-rich matrix called___, containing ___?

Answer 9

mesohyl, amoebocytes

Question 10

the process in which food is ingested by sponges (engulf prey)

Answer 10

phagocytosis

Question 11

competition between members of the same sex for mates (ex. males fighting over a female)

Answer 11

intra-sexual selection

Question 12

Niko Tinbergen’s 4 questions about behavior

Answer 12

1. physiology
2. previous learned behavior
3. survival and reproduction
4. ancestor behaviors

Question 13

study of ecological & evolutionary basis for animal behavior which integrates proximate & ultimate explanations for animal behavior

Answer 13

behavioral ecology

Question 14

learning & innate components

Answer 14

imprinting

Question 15

a daily cycle of rest and activity

Answer 15

circadian rhythm

Question 16

changing seasons (associated with migration & reproduction)

Answer 16

cirannual rhythm

Question 17

simple change in activity / turning rate in response to a stimulus

(ex. sow bugs orienting themselves to dark b/c they live in darkness)

Answer 17

kinesis

Question 18

more or less automatic, oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus (to maintain position)

(ex. fish swimming upstream to maintain position)

Answer 18

taxis

Question 19

modification of behaviour based on specific experiences

Answer 19

learning

Question 20

period of time when an organism forms parental bonds with associations at young age

Answer 20

sensitive period

Question 21

learning by remembering locations

Answer 21

spatial learning

Question 22

type of spatial learning where locations are remembered well

Answer 22

cognitive map

Question 23

the way a gene is expressed depends on the environmental conditions

Answer 23

epigenetics

Question 24

type of sexual selection in which males & females look alike

Answer 24

sexual monomorphism

Question 25

type of sexual selection in which males & females look different

Answer 25

sexual dimorphism

Question 26

study of animal behaviour, esp. in natural environments

Answer 26

ethology

Question 27

evolutionary significance of a behaviour ("why" explanations)

Answer 27

ultimate causation

Question 28

environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior; genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavior ("how" explanations)

Answer 28

proximate causation

Question 29

aggressive behavior (particularly when males compete for a female)

Answer 29

agonistic behavior

Question 30

the part of a two-layer-thick ball formed from blastula that is the primitive gut

Answer 30

archenteron

Question 31

evolution of definite brain area, structures for feeding, sensing environment, & processing info; allows for greater mobility

Answer 31

cephalization

Question 32

organisms that grow by shedding their exoskeleton (arthropods & nematodes)

Answer 32

ecdysozoa

Question 33

organisms that grow continuously by expanding their bodies (mollusks, annelids, & flatworms)

Answer 33

lophotrochozoa

Question 34

space surrounded by mesoderm tissue formed during development

Answer 34

body cavity

Question 35

process that uses unique genetic sequences within certain genes to identify clusters of related groups

Answer 35

molecular systematics

Question 36

process that allows redundant organ systems in adults & allows for more efficient and flexible movement b/c each segment can move independently

Answer 36

segmentation

Question 37

rapid cell division (that a zygote undergoes after it is formed)

Answer 37

cleavage

Question 38

process where embryos form gut and embryonic tissue layers

Answer 38

gastrulation

Question 39

part of molecular systematics that includes the genes involved in pattern formation in early embryos

Answer 39

hox genes

Question 40

a hollow ball of cells formed from mitotic cell divisions of eggs

Answer 40

blastula

Question 41

system that carries nutrients & removes wastes

Answer 41

circulatory system

Question 42

group including comb jellies

Answer 42

ctenophores

Question 43

second mode of bilaterian development where the anus is developed from the blastopore

Answer 43

deuterostomes

Question 44

the part of a two-layer-thick ball formed from blastula that opens to the outside

Answer 44

blastopore

Question 45

which two animals have diploblasts (have an endoderm & ectoderm)?

Answer 45

cnidarians & ctenophores

Question 46

layer of cells that cover outer surface of body, that one group of sponges has

Answer 46

epithelium

Question 47

first mode of bilaterian development in which the mouth is developed from or near blastopore

Answer 47

protostomes

Question 48

body has right & left halves (mirror images); only sagittal plane bisects animal into two equal halves

Answer 48

bilateral symmetry

Question 49

blood passes from vessels into sinuses, mixes with body fluids & reenters vessels (ex. insects)

Answer 49

open circulatory system

Question 50

groups of similar cells organised into tightly integrated functional units (all animals have them except for sponges)

Answer 50

tissues

Question 51

organisms that have no body cavity

Answer 51

acoelomates

Question 52

all organisms (besides cnidarians & ctenophores) have a system where neurons are clustered into tracts or cords running throughout the body into masses called ganglia

Answer 52

central nervous system

Question 53

blood moves continuously through vessels that are separated from body fluids (ex. humans)

Answer 53

closed circulatory system

Question 54

body cavity entirely within mesoderm - true body cavity

Answer 54

coelomates

Question 55

clusters of neurons

Answer 55

ganglia

Question 56

cnidarians & ctenophores undergo a process where they diffuse neurons in hydra

Answer 56

nerve net

Question 57

the process by which cnidarians digest food (begins outside of the cell, then the gastrovascular cavity, then intracellular digestion)

Answer 57

extracellular digestion

Question 58

two body forms of cnidarians

Answer 58

polyp and medusa

Question 59

allow sponges to capture food particles suspended in H2O (the way sponges eat)

Answer 59

suspension feeders

Question 60

two-layer body plan allows all surfaces to be bathed in aqueous solution; diffusion is sufficient

Answer 60

the key

Question 61

a sac with a central digestive compartment

Answer 61

gastrovascular cavity

Question 62

the body form of a cnidarian that is cylindrical & sessile

Answer 62

polyp

Question 63

organisms (cnidarians and ctenophores) that have ectoderm & endoderm with mesoglea b/w tissue layers

Answer 63

diploblasts

Question 64

functions similarly to an amoeba (responsible for phagocytosis -- engulfing prey)

Answer 64

amoebocytes

Question 65

the body form of a cnidarian that is umbrella-shaped & free living

Answer 65

medusa

Question 66

when a sponge grows on the scallop, both individuals benefit: - scallops avoid being eaten by octopus - sponge has a place to live (and can move)

Answer 66

mutualistic association

Question 67

a tough protein in the mesohyl which strengthen body of the sponge

Answer 67

spongin

Question 68

body parts arranged across central axis; can be bisected into two equal halves in any 2-D plane

Answer 68

radial symmetry

Question 69

where are ganglion present in flatworms?

Answer 69

central nervous system

Question 70

what is the formal name for tapeworms (a type of parasitic flatworm)?

Answer 70

cercomeromorpha

Question 71

what is contained in each segment to help stabilize (anchor) earthworms as they move?

Answer 71

chaetae

Question 72

what do turbellaria use to detect food?

Answer 72

chemoreceptors

Question 73

polychaeta, oligochaeta, & hirudinea - what are these the three classes of?

Answer 73

earthworms

Question 74

what group of organisms are free-living (turbellaria) and parasitic (neodermata) a part of?

Answer 74

flatworms

Question 75

what cavity do most flatworms use to feed?

Answer 75

gastrovascular cavity

Question 76

this type of skeleton allows earthworms and roundworms to have rigidity in their movements by pushing their muscles against fluid in body cavity

Answer 76

hydrostatic skeleton

Question 77

ciliated, funnel-shaped parts located on each segment that aid in the excretion of earthworms and mollusks

Answer 77

nephridia

Question 78

what is paired together on most segments of earthworms to aid in respiration and movement?

Answer 78

parapodia

Question 79

class of earthworms that are mostly marine, have a true head, and have separate sexes (usually)

Answer 79

polychaeta

Question 80

what are the repetitive sections of tapeworms, which aid in reproduction, called?

Answer 80

proglottids

Question 81

the disease in which the worm coats itself with hosts' proteins so that the immune system doesn't register an attack

Answer 81

schistosomiasis

Question 82

what is the attachment organ of tapeworms called?

Answer 82

scolex

Question 83

the allowance of additional specialization where the repeated units allow annelids to build their bodies

Answer 83

segmentation

Question 84

what internally divides the tapeworm's body?

Answer 84

septa

Question 85

what is the formal name for flukes (a type of parasitic flatworm)?

Answer 85

tremadota

Question 86

what are the two parts of parasitic flatworms (neodermata)?

Answer 86

tremadota (flukes), cercomeromorpha (tapeworms)

Question 87

free-living flatworms found in freshwater, marine & terrestrial environments

Answer 87

turbelleria

Question 88

what are the primary and secondary functions of flame cells?

Answer 88

water balance; excretion

Question 89

digestive tract between mouth & esophagus of flatworms

Answer 89

pharynx

Question 90

based on their body cavities, what are flatworms? (two words)

Answer 90

triploblastic acoelomates

Question 91

tremadota (flukes) that attach outside of the bodies of other animals

Answer 91

ectoparasites

Question 92

tremadota (flukes) that attach inside of bodies of other animals

Answer 92

endoparasites

Question 93

what allows flatworms to distinguish light from dark?

Answer 93

eyespot

Question 94

what kind of cells are located on the side branches of tubules of flatworms?

Answer 94

flame cells

Question 95

a free-living & parisitic species

Answer 95

flatworms

Question 96

what are located between the segments and the brain (which are connected)?

Answer 96

ganglia

Question 97

what group are annelids a part of?

Answer 97

lophotrochozoa

Question 98

process used to maintain water & salt concentrations for cellular function in flatworms

Answer 98

osmoregulation

Question 99

ring-like elements that are repeated throughout the body of earthworms

Answer 99

segments

Question 100

what are parasitic flatworms called?

Answer 100

tapeworms

Question 101

because flatworms are hermaphroditic, what does this allow them to do? (two things)

Answer 101

sexually reproduce; asexually regenerate

Question 102

the process of consuming dead organic material (which is done by earthworms)

Answer 102

detritus

Question 103

invasive zebra mussels that clog water pipes

Answer 103

pest species

Question 104

what are 75% of all mollusks (snails and slugs)

Answer 104

gastropoda

Question 105

invasive zebra mussels that clog water pipes

Answer 105

cephalopods

Question 106

octopus & squid can change color using pouches of pigment called?

Answer 106

chromatophores

Question 107

the formal name for roundworms

Answer 107

nematodes

Question 108

roundworms are able to molt their epidermis which is considered a flexible, thick ____?

Answer 108

cuticles

Question 109

how are the muscles of roundworms arranged (they whip)?

Answer 109

longitudinally