Exam 2 Flashcards
Define motivation
A willingness to exert high levels of effort towards goals for an extended period of time.
Motivation consists of what 3 concepts? (DIP)
Direction: the focus or channeling of effort.
Where are you directing your energy?
Intensity: How hard we try or make an effort.
How interested we are, the amount of energy we put in.
Persistence: How long we maintain these efforts.
Exhibit commitment.
What is Theory X?
The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform.
Managers will punish more.
What is Theory Y?
The assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.
Average person can learn to accept and even seek responsibility.
Managers will empower, include, reward/praise employees.
What are Maslow’s heirarchy of needs? (PESSS)
1) Physiological: includes hunger, thirst, shelter, sex
2) Safety: security and protection from physical/emotional harm.
3) Social: affection, belongingness, acceptance and friendship
4) Esteem: internal factors such as self-respect, autonomy and achievement, and external factors such as status, recognition, and attention.
5) Self-actualization: drive to become what we are capable of becoming; includes growth, achieving out potential, and self-fulfillment. (1 in 100 reach this)
What are the lower-order needs?
Needs that are satisfied externally, such as physiological/safety needs.
What are higher-order needs?
Needs that are satisfied internally, such as social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
Satisfied internally (within person)
What is Herzberg’s two-factor theory?
A theory that relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. AKA motivation-hygiene theory.
People are either satisfied or neutral (motivators)
People are either dissatisfied or neutral. (Hygiene factors)
List some intrinsic factors
Advancement, recognition, responsibility, achievement…all related to job satisfaction.
List some extrinsic factors
Supervision, pay, company policies, working conditions.
McClelland’s theory of need
A theory that states achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help motivation.
Need for achievement: drive to excel, to achieve in relationship to a set of standards
Need for power: the need to make others behave in a way they would not have otherwise.
Need for affiliation: the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.
What is Self-determination theory?
Proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation.
A theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation.
Discuss job engagement
The investment of an employee’s physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance.
Discuss Goal Setting Theory
A theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance.
Evidence strongly suggests that specific goals increase performance
Difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance than do easy goals.
Feedback leads to higher performance than does nonfeedback.
Which 3 factors influence goals? (GTN)
Goal commitment: if not committed- won’t perform.
Task characteristics: goals don’t make sense to task. Goal affiliated with unknown task
National culture: goal setting varies by culture
Discuss Management by Objectives and 4 common ingredients to MBO programs (GEPP)
A program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress.
4 ingredients:
Goal specificity
Participation in decision making (including the setting of goals or objectives)
Explicit time period
Performance feedback
Discuss Self-Efficacy Theory
An individual’s belief that he/she is capable of performing a task.
AKA social cognitive theory or social learning theory.
The higher your self-efficacy, the more confidence you have in your ability to succeed.
Complementary to goal setting.
4 ways self-efficacy can be increased (EVVA)
Enactive mastery: gaining relevant experience with the task/job. Hands on training.
Vicarious modeling: becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task.
Verbal persuasion: becoming more confident because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful. Motivational speakers use this tactic.
Arousal: leads to energized state, so the person gets “psyched up” and performs better.
Discuss Equity Theory
A theory that says that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.
Define distributive justice
Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.
Perceived fairness of outcome.
Concerned with the fairness of the outcomes, such as pay and recognition, that employees receive.
Example: I got the pay raise I deserved.
Define procedural justice
The perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards.
Examines how outcomes are allocated.
Example: I had input into the process used to give raises and was given a good explanation of why I received the raise I did.
Define interactional justice
Perceived degree to which one is treated with dignity and respect.
Example: When telling me about my raise, my supervisor was very nice and complimentary.
Define organizational justice
Overall perception of what is fair in the workplace.
Example: I think this is a fair place to work.
Define expectancy theory
A theory that says that the strength of our tendency to act a certain way depends on the strength of our expectation of a given outcome and its attractiveness.
Expectancy theory consists of what 3 relationships? (EPR)
1) Effort-performing relationship: the probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance. Do you feel like you’re able to do something?
2) Performance reward: The degree to which the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome. Do you think you will be rewarded for performance?
3) Rewards-personal goals: The organizational’s rewards satisfies an individual’s personal goals or needs. Do you value the reward?
What is reinforcement theory? (aka as operant conditioning)
A theory that says that behavior is a function of its consequences.
When you reinforce behaviors you want to see again (rewards)
When you try to reinforce behaviors you don’t want (punishment)
What is social learning theory?
The view that we can learn through both observation and direct experience.
Define the 2 major forms of employee involvement programs
Participative management: A process in which subordinates share a significant degree of decision making power with their immediate superiors.
Representative participation: System in which workers participate in organizational decision making through a small group of representative employees.
