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Plant Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

stele

A

bundle of xylem and phloem

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2
Q

protostele

A

solid cylinder of vascular tissue, simplest and most ancient form of stele
phloem surrounds xylem or mixed in with it
found in lycophyte stems and plant roots

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3
Q

siphonostele

A

has central pith surrounded by vascular tissue
found in most seedless vascular plants
phloem found outside of xylem cylinder

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4
Q

eustele

A

vascular tissues are arranged in discrete strands around a pith

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5
Q

leaf trace

A

part of vascular cylinder that extends to the base of a leaf

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6
Q

pith

A

in the stem in parenchyma cells, which store and transport nutrients throughout the plant

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7
Q

homosporous

A

plants make 1 type of spore (bisexual)

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8
Q

heterosporous

A

plants make 2 types of spores (unisexual)

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9
Q

embryophyte

A

embryo is retained within maternal tissue

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10
Q

lycophyte

A

sporophyte dominant, true xylem and phloem, lignin

club moss, spike moss, quillworts

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11
Q

Lycopodiaceae (club moss)

A 
homosporous
microphyll leaves
protostele
sporangia on sporophylls - strobili sometimes present
rhizome with leaves and roots
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12
Q

Selaginella (spike moss)

A 
heterosporous
microphylls
protostele
sporangia on sporophylls - strobili present
ligules
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13
Q

Isoetes (quillworts)

A 
heterosporous
microphylls
protostele
sporangia on sporophylls
ligules and corm
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14
Q

lignin

A

makes cell walls rough and woody

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15
Q

apical meristem

A

meristem at the top, causes primary growth

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16
Q

seed

A

mature ovule, contrains megasporangium in seed plants

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17
Q

microphyll

A

small leaf with one vein and one leaf trace

2n

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18
Q

megaphyll

A

larger leaf with several to many veins, evolved independently 3 separate times
2n

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19
Q

sporangium

A

produces spores (2n)

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20
Q

microsporangium

A

produces microspores (2n)

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21
Q

megasporangium

A

produces megaspores (2n)

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22
Q

tracheid

A

specific cell in simple plants that conducts water
water flows, weaves through thin cells, high-resistance pathway
long and skinny

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23
Q

sieve element

A

phloem in vascular plants

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24
Q

sieve cell

A

sugar flows through this cell

elongated, slender, tapering ends

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25
Q

vascular tissue

A

xylem and phloem, how water and nutrients are conducted throughout the plant

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26
Q

secondary growth

A

growth derived from secondary or lateral meristems, increase in girth

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27
Q

secondary xylem

A

eustele found in higher plants
present in strands in non-woody plants
in woody plants present in meristem, cambium, vascular cambium

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28
Q

vascular cambium

A

meristematic cells that divide to produce secondary phloem and xylem

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29
Q

monilophyte

A

homosporous with exception of water ferns
have true leaves (megaphylls)
stele architecture ranges from simple protostele to complex eustele-like
siphonostele most common (with leaf gaps)

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30
Q

Psilotales

A

whisk ferns, simple structure, no true leaves - dichotomously branched

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31
Q

Psilotum (whisk ferns)

A 
homosporous
megaphylls
protostele
lateral eusporangia
subterranean, mychorrizal gametophytes
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32
Q

Ophioglossales

A

grape ferns - produce leaflets (1 leaf/year), sporangia look like grapes
adder’s tongue - lots of genes, 1 leaf/year

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33
Q

Marratopsida (tree-like ferns)

A 
homosporous
megaphylls
protostele, more complex stele
sporangia on sporophylls, eusporangia
large complex leaves
gametophyte photosynthetic
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34
Q

Polypodiopsida (common fern)

A

mostly homosporous
megaphylls
protostele, siphonostele, more complex stele
sporangia on sporophylls and sori, leptosporangia
diverse, gametophyte photosynthetic

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35
Q

Salvines (water ferns)

A

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

heterosporous

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36
Q

Equisetopsida (horsetails)

A 
homosporous
microphylls through reduction
eustele-like siphonostele
sporangia on sporangiophores in strobili
whorled leaves, rigid from silica
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37
Q

xylem

A

conducts water through plant

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38
Q

phloem

A

conducts nutrients through plant

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39
Q

leaf gap

A

in ferns, region of parenchyma above point of departure of a leaf trace

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40
Q

parenchyma

A

“general cell”

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41
Q

sporophyte

A

makes spores (2n)

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42
Q

gametophyte

A

makes gametes (n)

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43
Q

antheridium

A

produces sperm

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44
Q

archegonium

A

produces egg in some vascular plants

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45
Q

spore mother cell (sporocyte)

A

?

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46
Q

megaspore mother cell (megasporocyte)

A

cell in which meiosis produces 4 megaspores (2n), 3 die and 1 survives

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47
Q

bisexual gametophyte

A

comes from homosporous plants when only one type of spore is produced; has both male and female parts

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48
Q

unisexual gametophyte

A

comes from heterosporous plants when two types of spores are produces; male and female are different

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49
Q

megaspore

A

spore that develops into female gametophyte (n)

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50
Q

microspore

A

spore that develops into male gametophyte (n)

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51
Q

megagametophyte

A

female gametophyte, located in ovule of seed plants

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52
Q

microgametophyte

A

male gametophyte

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53
Q

strobilus/strobili

A

cluster of sporangia

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54
Q

sporophyll

A

leaf bearing sporangia

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55
Q

sorus/sori

A

cluster of sporangia on ferns

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56
Q

indusium

A

cap that covers the sorus, shrivels away when spores are ready to be dispersed

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57
Q

leptosporangia

A

small, specialized sporangia developing from a single cell producing a small amount of spores

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58
Q

eusporangia

A

large sporangium developing from several initial cells producing many spores

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59
Q

ligule

A

small outgrowth at the base of leaves

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60
Q

rhizome

A

underground horizontal stem

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61
Q

corm

A

short, underground fleshy stem (think onion bulb)

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62
Q

microsporophyll

A

leaves that produces microspores (2n)

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63
Q

megasporophyll

A

leaves that produce megaspores (2n)

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64
Q

suspensor

A

found in plant zygotes in angiosperms in connecting the endosperm to the embryo

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65
Q

tapetum

A

specialized layer of nutritive cells in sporangium

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66
Q

sporogenous cells/tissue

A

sporocytes/spore mother cells

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67
Q

sporangiophore

A

branch bearing sporangia

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68
Q

epiphyte

A

plant that lives on another without being parasitic

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69
Q

annulus

A

row of specialized cells that shrink and release spores

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70
Q

circinate vernation

A

shape protects delicate embryonic leaf tip, “fiddle heads’

71
Q

frond

A

fern leaves

72
Q

blade

A

broad, expanded part of the leaf

73
Q

stalk

A

stem

74
Q

rachis

A

stem

75
Q

pinna

A

primary division of leaves, especially pinnate leaves

76
Q

prothallus

A

fern gametophyte

77
Q

node

A

part of stem where leaves are attached

78
Q

internode

A

region between two successive nodes

79
Q

ovule

A

in seed plants, structure containing female gametophyte with egg cell, all surrounded by nucellus and integument(s); when mature, ovule becomes the seed

80
Q

nucellus

A

inner part of ovule in which embryo sac develops; gymnosperm and angiosperm equivalent of megasporangium

81
Q

micropyle

A

in ovules, opening in the integument which the pollen tubes enter

82
Q

integument

A

outermost layer of tissue enveloping nucellus of ovule; develops into seed coat

83
Q

seed coat

A

integument develops into this outer layer of the seed

84
Q

epidermis

A

outermost layer of cells of the leaf and young stems and roots

85
Q

cortex

A

ground-tissue region of a stem or root, bounded externally by the epidermis and internally by the vascular system

86
Q

vascular bundle

A

strand of tissue containing primary xylem and phloem, frequently enclosed by a bundle sheath of parenchyma or fibers

87
Q

procambium

A

meristematic tissue that gives rise to primary vascular tissues

88
Q

secondary xylem (wood)

A

meristem can divide and give rise to new tissue
cambium present just beneath the bark, cylindrical sheet of cells, produces additional xylem and phloem
vascular cambium produces xylem on the inside phloem on the outside (rings on trees)

89
Q

secondary phloem

A

phloem derived from secondary meristem

90
Q

conifers

A

gymnosperms, cone-bearing trees

dominate extreme environments

91
Q

cycads

A

dioecious - either male or female plant

92
Q

gingko

A

1 species left
broad leaves - pine needles derived from
bear sarcotesta “fruit” - part of the seed coat

93
Q

gnetophyta

A

long-lived

only has 2 leaves

94
Q

dioecious

A

two plants, unisexual (male and female)

95
Q

monoecious

A

one plant (bisexual)

96
Q

pollinate cone

A

male cones, produce pollen
each scale = microsporophyll, which contains 2 microsporangia (4-celled winged pollen grain is immature microgametophyte)

97
Q

ovulate cone

A

female cones, produce ovules

98
Q

ovuliferous scale

A

scale on which the ovule is attached on the underside, beneath each cone scale is a sterile bract

99
Q

pollen

A

microspore containing a microgametophyte

100
Q

prothallial cells

A

sterile cell in microgametophyte of vascular plants (except angiosperms)

101
Q

generative cells

A

cell of the microgametophyte that forms the sterile and spermatagenous cells

102
Q

tube cell

A

cell that develops into the pollen tube

103
Q

sterile bract

A

underneath each cone scale

104
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen from a male cone directly to the ovule

105
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of sperm with egg in year 2 of gymnosperms

106
Q

pollination drop

A

plays a role in pollination, collects pollen

107
Q

pollen tube

A

tube formed after the germination of the pollen grain; carries the male gametes into the ovule

108
Q

sterile cell

A

same as prothallial cell, not a gamete, eventually degenerates

109
Q

spermatogenous cell

A

cell of the male gametophyte (pollen grain) which divides mitotically to form sperm

110
Q

cotyledon

A

seed leaf

111
Q

hypocotyl

A

portion of an embryo or seedling between the point of attachment of the cotyledons and the radicle (under the cotyledon)

112
Q

gymnosperm

A

seed plant with seeds not enclosed in an ovary

113
Q

angiosperm

A

flowering plants, enclosed

flowers, fruits, distinct life history features

114
Q

aril

A

fleshy berry-like cup coating

115
Q

Ephedra

A

Profusely branching shrubs with small leaves and jointed stems
Inhabits arid or desert regions
Navajos used the tea for coughs and nasal congestion

116
Q

Gnetum

A

Trees and climbing vines with large leathery leaves resembling eudicots
Found throughout tropics
Leaves arranged in pairs
Leaves look more like a flowering plant than a conifer, but more closely related to conifers

117
Q

Welwitschia

A

Most of the plant is buried in the sandy soil (desert)
Exposed part consists of a woody concave disk that produces the two strap shaped leaves – get torn up in desert winds, split longitudinally

118
Q

motile sperm

A

swims

119
Q

nonmotile sperm

A

is deposited

120
Q

hemiparasite

A

photosynthetic but get water and minerals from host

mistletoe

121
Q

holoparasite

A

get water, carbohydrates from host
no chlorophyll
Rafflesia

122
Q

sepal

A

cover and protect flower parts when flower is a bud
sterile
attached to receptacle

123
Q

calyx

A

all sepals

124
Q

corolla

A

all petals

125
Q

stamen

A

fertile

androecium (male)

126
Q

anther

A

where pollen grains are produced

127
Q

filament

A

attached to anther, threadlike

128
Q

carpel

A

gynoecium (female)

inner flower whorl

129
Q

pistil

A

individual carpel

130
Q

stigma

A

region of a carpel that serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains and on which they germinate

131
Q

style

A

column of tissue that arises from ovary, through which pollen tubes grow

132
Q

ovary

A

enlarged basal portion of a carpel; mature ovary is a fruit

133
Q

placenta

A

part of ovary wall to which the ovules or seeds are attached

134
Q

funiculus

A

stalk of an ovule

135
Q

receptacle

A

part of a flower stalk that bears the floral organs

136
Q

superior ovary

A

ovary above, most plants are this

137
Q

inferior ovary

A

ovary beneath

138
Q

fruit

A

mature ovary

139
Q

locule

A 
cavity within an ovary in which ovules occur (chamber)
shared ovary of fused carpels is partitioned into this
# locules = # fused carpels
140
Q

perfect flower

A

contains both stamens and carpels

141
Q

imperfect flower

A

contains only stamen or carpel
pistillate - only female parts
staminate - only male parts

142
Q

complete flower

A

contains all 4 floral whorls: sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

143
Q

incomplete flower

A

missing one or more whorls

144
Q

connate floral structures

A

When similar parts fuse

Ex: all petals fused into a single “tube”

145
Q

adnate floral structure

A

When dissimilar parts fuse

146
Q

double fertilization

A

1 sperm migrates to the egg and forms a zygote

Other sperm cell migrates and unites with the 2 polar nuclei of the central cell.

147
Q

embryo sac

A

female gametophyte of angiosperms

8-celled nucleus

148
Q

syngergid

A

two-short lived cells lying close to the egg in the mature embryo sac of the ovule

149
Q

polar nuclei

A

two nuclei, one derived from each end of the embryo sac, which become centrally located; fuse with male nucleus to form the primary endosperm (3n)

150
Q

antipodals

A

three cells of the mature embryo sac, located at the end opposite the micropyle

151
Q

endosperm (3n)

A

tissue containing stored food that develops from fusion of male nucleus and polar nuclei; digested by the growing sporophyte

152
Q

triple fusion

A

1 Sperm + 2 polar nuclei = triploid (3n) nucleus

results in endosperm

153
Q

pericarp

A

fruit wall, which develops from the mature ovary wall

154
Q

endocarp

A

innermost layer of the pericarp

155
Q

mesocarp

A

middle layer of pericarp

156
Q

exocarp

A

outermost layer of pericarp

157
Q

What do megaspores produce?

A

megagametophytes

158
Q

heterosporous plants have ___ gametophytes?

A

unisexual

159
Q

What do we call a leaf with a sporangium on it?

A

sporophyll

160
Q

What is the term for a large number of sporophylls clustered together on the end of a stem?

A

strobilus

161
Q

___ is a row of specialized cells in the outer layer of a fern sporangium. Its shrinkage causes the sporangium to rupture, releasing the spores?

A

annulus

162
Q

Which of these structures nourishes the developing spores and coats them with sporopollenin?

A

tapetum

163
Q

How many spores will one lycophyte megaspore mother cell make?

A

4

164
Q

What do we call a region of the plant body that contains dividing cells?

A

meristem

165
Q

What are the three main parts of the ovule?

A

integuments, megasporangium, megaspore

166
Q

What does “dioecious” refer to?

A

Separate male and female plants

167
Q

Which of the following have motile male gametes?

A

cycads and ginkgos

168
Q

How many extant (still living) species are in Phylum Ginkgophyta?

A

1

169
Q

How many sperm are produced by a pine microgametophyte, and what do they do?

A

one fuses with egg nucleus, other degenerates

170
Q

What is the name of the protective outer layer that surrounds the ovule and becomes the seed coat after fertilization?

A

Integument

171
Q

What does the pollen grain in pines contain when it is dispersed?

A

Immature microgametophyte

172
Q

What do we call the structure that encloses the ovules in an angiosperm?

A

integument

173
Q

When a pine archegonium is fertilized, how many embryos are initially produced?

A

4

Plant Biology (3 decks)

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