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Scientific Inquiry > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

Influence of unrelated factors when not controlled

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2
Q

Validity

A

The overall amount of control put in place to tightly restrict confounding effects

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3
Q

Confounding Effects

A

Other factors that could’ve effected your results that you didn’t expect to effect your validity

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4
Q

Active Variables

A

Can be manipulated by researcher; subjects assigned to different levels of IV

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5
Q

Processes of Validity in Research

A

The experimental variables
Sampling technique/Strategy
Controls (extraneous factors/experiment itself to have relevance to clinical practice)
Analysis of Results

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6
Q

ITT

A

Avoids bias post-randomization and over-estimation of treatment effects

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7
Q

Design Strategies for Inter-Subject Differences

A 
Inclusion Criteria
Blocking Variable
Matching Subjects
Using Subjects as own Control
ANCOVA
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8
Q

ANCOVA

A

Analysis of Covariance

-Theoretically removes the confounding influences of extraneous factors

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9
Q

Internal Validity

A

The degree to which the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is free from the effects of extraneous factors

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10
Q

External Validity

A

The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to persons or settings outside the experimental situation
**inc in IV = dec in EV

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11
Q

4 Threats to Validity

A

Statistical Conclusion Validity
Internal Validity
Construct Validity of Causes and Effects
External Validity

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12
Q

Construct Validity

A

To what theoretical constructs can results be generalized?

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13
Q

Statistical Conclusion Validity

A

Is there a relationship between the IV and DV?

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14
Q

What can lead to invalid stat conclusions?

A

Low statistical power
Violated assumptions of statistical tests
Error Rate
Reliability and Validity

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15
Q

Power Analysis

A

Uses number of subjects enrolled into your study

-you need 80-90% or above

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16
Q

Power

A

The ability of a statistical test to reject the null hypothesis
-will tell you the minimum # of subjects you need in control/experimental group to reject the null hypothesis

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17
Q

Temporal Precedence

A

The cause precedes the effect
Ex. What is the effect of caffeine of the level of anxiety? If you have smokers in your study you do not want them to smoke 24 hrs before study

18
Q

4 Threats to IV- Single Group Threats

A

History
Maturation
Attrition
Instrumentation

19
Q

Experimental Bias

A

Biases introduced because of participant or researcher expectation

20
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Participants experience change as a result of simply being in a research project

21
Q

Rosenthal Effect

A

Researcher’s behaviors or appearance impact how the participant responds

22
Q

Avis Effect

A

Participant in control group try harder simply because they are in the control group

23
Q

Threats to External Validity

A

Interaction of Tx and Selection
-becomes a problem if samples are confined to certain types of participants
Interaction of Tx and Setting
Interaction of Tx and History
-cannot generalize results to different periods of time
Reactive or Interactive Effects of Testing
-pretests make a participant more aware or sensitive to upcoming tx

24
Q

Quasi Experimental Designs

A

Similar to Experimental Designs expect that they lack randomization or comparison group OR BOTH
-cannot rule out all threats to IV

25
Q

One Group Pretest-Posttest Design

A

One group with measures taken before and after tx

  • validity threatened due to lack of comparison group
  • limited EV

OXO

26
Q

One-Way Repeated Measures Design Over Time

A

Assesses effects of tx over time

  • time is the IV
  • various txs are DV

OXOOO

27
Q

Time Series Design

A

One group study with multiple measurements, before and after tx

  • Documents patterns or trends of behavior
  • IV is time
  • EV is limited

O X O1 O2 or
O X O1 X O2

28
Q

Interrupted Time-Series Design

A

Start out by observing with pretests, then intervention, then posttests over time

  • Major difference between this and time-series is: we are more particular about the pattern and the direction of change
  • *Think of this as a rising fever and the intervention is antibiotics and the fever comes down

O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6

29
Q

Multigroup Design: Non equivalent Pretest-Posttest Control Group

A

-No random assignment (IV threatened)
-can use 2 or more groups (allows more confidence)
O X O
O O–> no intervention (control)

30
Q

Multigroup Design: Non-equivalent Posttest ONLY Control Group

A

AKA Static Group Comparison
-Should only be used for exploratory studies
-IV Severely Threatened because there is no pretest
-Like when someone comes into the ER and you don’t have time to pretest
X O
O –> No intervention

31
Q

Observational Designs

A

Variables (data) for this type of research are collected as they naturally exist and are not manipulated

  • can be prospective or retrospective
  • trying to find predictors
32
Q

Exploratory Research

A

Systematic investigation of relationships among two or more variables
-trying to find connections

33
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

looks at a specific point in time

  • conclusions drawn about development within a population by comparing characteristics of those strata
  • selection bias is a major threat
34
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

Want characteristics to be similar that will not change over time

  • Large databases and repeated measurements performed at designated times
  • Framingham studied heart attacks
35
Q

Correlational and Predictive Studies

A

Corr- used to describe the nature of existing relationships among variables (can help to generate hypotheses)
Pred- predict a behavior or response based on the observed relationship between that behavior and other variables (helps in decision making, validation of measurement tools, predict outcomes)

36
Q

Theory Testing

A

Uses correlational study design to test theory

-choose specific variables for study based on expected relationships derived from deductive hypotheses

37
Q

Case-Control Studies

A

groups of individuals are selected on basis of whether they have the disorder under study
-controls are chosen if they do not have the disorder

38
Q

Cohort Study

A

Group of subjects not having the outcome of interest followed to see IF they will develop it

  • can determine the incidence of a condition
  • can be either prospective or retrospective
39
Q

Methodological Research

A
  • Development and testing of measurement instruments for use in research or clinical practice
  • Used to determine reliability and validity
40
Q

Reliability

A

same result all the time if the conditions have not changed

41
Q

Historical Research

A

Reconstruct the past to understand HOW and WHY past events occurred
-critical review of events, documents, literature, and other sources of data

42
Q

Secondary Analysis

A

Use of existing database to re-examine variables and answer questions for purposes other than the original studies
-Minimal expenses involved, large sample sizes, no data collection

Scientific Inquiry (1 decks)

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