Exam 2 Flashcards
A learned system of thought and behavior that belongs to and typifies a relatively large group of people; the composite of their shared beliefs, values, and practices.
Culture
Culture elements
Belief system Material culture Social institutions Aesthetics Language
Things and ideas; attitudes, values, and beliefs surrounding the belief system. Natural resources that bind community; defines what possessions are valuable. Can be influenced by turf or geography.
Material Culture
Schools, government, religious organizations; support and pass along culture. Could be formal or informal.
Social Institutions
Music, theatre, art, and dance; they pass along values and bind the group around beauty. Can be rituals that enforce the culture.
Aesthetics
Creates in and out groups; embody beliefs of groups; represents common experience; embodies history. The system of symbols (words) that we use to think about and communicate experiences and feelings.
Language
Passing down culture.
Enculturation
Assimilation of other cultures into our culture; can also reject some cultures.
Aculturation
Belief own culture is superior. Because our culture is superior, I evaluate other cultures from the frame of reference of my own culture. The stronger one believes one’s own culture is superior, the more one values encultration and devalues acculturation.
Ethnocentrism
The act of organizing information about groups of people into categories so that we can generalize about their attitudes, behaviors, skills, morals, and habits.
Stereotyping
A deep-seated feeling of unkindness and ill will toward particular groups, usually based on negative stereotypes and feelings of superiority over those groups.
Prejudice
A culture that relies on contextual cues- such as time, place, relationship, and situation- to both interpret meaning and send subtle messages.
High context culture
A culture that uses very direct language and relies less on situational factors to communicate.
Low context culture
A culture in which individuals perceive themselves first and foremost as members of a group and communicate from that perspective.
Collectivist
A culture whose members place value on autonomy and privacy, with relatively little attention to status and hierarchy based on age or family connections.
Individualist
The situation which involves imperfect and/or unknown information.
Uncertainty
A culture that places value on assertiveness, achievement, ambition, and competitiveness; sometimes referred to as an achievement culture. Report.
Masculine style
A culture that places value on relationships and quality of life; sometimes referred to as a nurturing culture. Rapport
Feminine style
The ability or right to control people or things.
Power
The measure of durations of events and the intervals between them.
Time
How individuals, either consciously or unconsciously influence, experience, and express emotion.
Emotional expression
The process of evaluating noise; active process.
Listening
The process of getting noise; passive process.
Hearing
Types of Listening
Appreciative
Informational
Critical
Empathic
Listening for enjoyment.
Appreciative listening
Listening to get information.
Informational listening
Listening to evaluate and make judgements.
Critical listening
Listening to identify feelings of another.
Empathic listening
Listening styles
People oriented
Action oriented
Time oriented
Content oriented
Focus is upon other identifying emotions and relationships; empathy vs compassion.
People oriented
Organizes information and seeks a way to process. Often listens as a problem needing a solution. Focal point is taking action on the report rather than rapport.
Action oriented
Seeks efficiency that’s clear and to the point.
Time oriented
Critical evaluator of information.
Content Oriented
Listening barriers
Effort
Stage hogging
Focus on other person and what they’re saying.
Effort
Listening to respond; self focus. Think about what you want to say or do as other is talking.
Stage hogging
Environmental factors
Physical noise Environmental distraction (psychological)
Distracting sounds coming from one’s environment.
Physical noise
Elements that compete for attention. They distract from messages; more psychological factors.
Environmental distraction
Overvalue self ability to process multiple messages; long term impact on our attention spans. Becoming more action oriented listeners.
Multi-tasking
Can be a topic or person that draws away your attention. Overconfidence can result. Pseudo-listening can happen.
Boredom
Misjudgment of your value, opinion, beliefs, or abilities, and you have more confidence than you should given the objective parameters of the situation.
Overconfidence
Pretending to listen.
Pseudo-listening
Often times we miss things because we assume nothing has changed.
Assimilation
Overexcitement factors
Distraction
Defensive listening
Selective listening
Stage hogging
Any intensified emotion that distracts to another area.
Distraction
Listen as though we’re being attacked.
Defensive listening
Listening that involves zeroing in only on bits of information that interest the listener, disregarding other messages or parts of messages.
Selective listening
Source problems
Selfish listening
Attack/ambush
Impersonal listening
Assimilate to prior messages
Listen for your own needs or not listening for your own purposes.
Selfish listening
Criticize or oppose fiercely and publicly.
Attack/ambush
Take things in an overly literal way.
Impersonal listening
Cognitive problems
Apprehension
Rapid thought
Overload
Relates to excitement–nervous about a response so you don’t hear certain things.
Apprehension
We have the ability to process 3 times as many words as the normal communication pace.
Rapid Thouht
Situation where things are harder to process; concepts becoming too hard to process in a given time.
Overload
Listen to identify main idea; identify the supporting material; form a mental outline; relate components to your own experience; identify similarities and differences about that experience; and engage in questioning and paraphrasing.
Comprehensive listening
The state or fact of being similar; a similar feature or aspect.
Similarity
A point or way in which people or things are not the same.
Difference
Types of love
Eros Ludus Storge Pragma Mania Agape
is a passionate physical and emotional love of wanting to satisfy, create sexual contentment, security and aesthetic enjoyment for each other, it also includes creating sexual security for the other by striving to forsake options of sharing one’s intimate and sexual self with outsiders.
Eros
is used by those who see love as a desiring to want to have fun with each other, to do activities indoor and outdoor, tease indulge and play harmless pranks on each other. The acquisition of love and attention itself may be part of the game.
Ludus
grows slowly out of friendship and is based more on similar interests and a commitment to one another rather than on passion.
Storge
is based on the perceptions of practicality. People who prefer this style approach their relationship in a “business-like” fashion and look for partners with whom they can share common goals.
Pragma
usually flows out of a desire to hold one’s partner in high esteem and wanting to love and be loved in this way seeing specialness in the interaction.
Mania
derives its definition of love from being altruistic towards one’s partner and feeling love in the acts of doing so. The person is willing to endure difficulty that arises from the partner’s circumstance. It is based on an unbreakable commitment and an unconditional, selfless love.
Agape
The stage of a relationship in which one makes contact with another person.
Initiating Stage
The stage of a relationship in which one seeks relatively superficial information from one’s partner.
Exploratory Stage
The stage of a relationship in which relational partners become increasingly intimate and move their communication toward more personal self-disclosures.
Intensification Stage
The stage of a relationship in which it is no longer volatile or temporary; both partners have a great deal of knowledge about one another, their expectations are accurate and realistic, and they feel comfortable with their motives for being in the relationship.
Stable Stage
The stage at which a relationship becomes to come apart.
Declining Stage
Ways to save or repair a relationship.
Relational Repair
The end of a relationship; may come about by a gradual decline in the relationship or by sudden-death.
Termination
Factors affecting conflict
Productive Conflict
Unproductive conflict
Power dynamics
Conflict that’s managed effectively.
Productive conflict
Conflict that’s managed poorly and has a negative impact on the individuals and relationships involved.
Unproductive conflict
The division of power among people.
Power Dynamics
Attitudes toward conflict
It’s always a sign of poor interpersonal relations
It can always be avoided
It always occurs b/c of misunderstandings
It can always be resolved
Communication climate
Uncertain climate
Defensive climate
Supportive climate
Conditions producing conflict
Incompatible goals Unrealistic expectations Differing rates of relational growth Inaccurate perceptions Inaccurate attributions Relational stability
Natures of conflict
Expressive conflict
Instrumental conflict
Conflict relating to the quality of the relationship.
ex) arguing b/c something about the relationship bothers one person.
Expressive conflict
Conflict relating to the task.
ex) argument where arguing is really b/c of some petty thing one person did.
Instrumental conflict
Conflict styles
Avoidance Accommodation Competition Compromise Collaboration
Withdrawing from conflict; try to side-step confrontation; finding conflict uncomfortable.
- Low concern for self and other
- Lose/lose approach to conflict
Avoidance
One person easily gives in to the demands of others; typically wants to be liked by others.
- Low concern for self; high concern for other
- Lose/win approach to conflict
- sacrifice self
- Can increase strain on relationships (resentment)
Accommodation
Dominate the discussion and want to accomplish goal even at the expense of others.
- High concern for self; low concern for other
- Win/lose approach to conflict
- threat, accuse, name calling, deny responsibility, prove self correct at all costs.
Competition
Seeks middle ground; give up something to get something.
- Some concern for self and other
- Win-lose/ Win-lose approach to conflict
- Appeals to fairness, negotiate trade offs.
- Both people walk away with something they don’t want
Compromise
Views conflict as a problem to be solved; negotiate to achieve a positive solution for all people involved.
- High concern for self and other
- Win/win approach to conflict
- Discussion is used to enhance relationship
Collaboration
