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cell physiology Palmer > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

movement with concentration gradient

high -> low

A

passive diffusion

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2
Q

movement against concentration gradient

low -> high

A

active transport

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3
Q

what occurs in basic transport until equilibrium is reached?

A

diffusion

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4
Q

diffusion of 1 substance does or does not interfere with diffusion of another substance in the same solution?

A

does NOT

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5
Q

net movement of diffusion depends on what 3 things?

A

concentration gradient
particle size
permeability of a compound

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6
Q

rate of diffusion of lipid soluble molecules through lipid bilayer is also dependent on?

A

degree of lipid solubility

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7
Q

diffusion of water and other lipid insoluble compounds happens through?

A

protein channels

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8
Q

what 2 things determine passage through protein channels in diffusion?

A

pore diameter and electric charge

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9
Q

electric signals that regulate diffusion using channel proteins are?

A

voltage-gated channels

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10
Q

chemicals that bind channel proteins are?

A

ligand-gated channels

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11
Q

in ligand gating, binding a molecule may

A

open or close the gate

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12
Q

example of ligand gated channel

A

acetylcholine binds to ACH channel opening the channel to positive or uncharged molecules

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13
Q

in facilitated diffusion, each carrier protein has a specific affinity for

A

binding a molecule

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14
Q

when can you max out transporters (Vmax) in facilitated diffusion?

A

if available transport proteins are bound to substrates (solute)

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15
Q

in facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins are?

A

saturated

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16
Q

example of facilitated diffusion

A

movement of glucose and most amino acids

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17
Q

saturation of a carrier protein is reflected by leveling off

A

the rate of transport

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18
Q

Km is a measurement of?

A

solute concentration that will give 1/2 Vmax

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19
Q

transfer of liquid through a semipermeable membrane that does not allow solutes to pass is called

A

osmosis

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20
Q

in osmosis, water passes through ______ in plasma membrane

A

aquaporins (water pores)

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21
Q

osmosis moves from?

A

high to low

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22
Q

pressure applied to stop the flow of water to the side of highest concentration is called

A

osmotic pressure

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23
Q

when osmotic pressure is the same inside and outside the cell

A

isotonic

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24
Q

movement of water into the cell which increases cell volume

A

hypotonic- osmotic pressure is greater in cytosol

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25
Q

movement of water out of the cell and cells shrink

A

hypertonic- osmotic pressure is greater in extracellular fluid

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26
Q

carrier proteins called ATPases are necessary in

A

active transport

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27
Q

movement of ions making ion gradient which powers?

A

secondary active transport

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28
Q

examples of active transport

A

uptake of glucose into the intestines and uptake of ions

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29
Q

secondary active transport is not driven by ATP but instead by

A

ion concentration gradient (from primary transport)

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30
Q

transporters of secondary active transport do not have

A

ATPase activity

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31
Q

the larger alpha protein of the sodium potassium pump has how many binding sites for sodium and potassium and where are they in the cell?

A

sodium- 3 binding sites INSIDE the cell

potassium- 2 binding sites OUTSIDE the cell

32
Q

energy released from sodium-potassium pump causes a conformation change in the?

A

carrier protein

33
Q

sodium is pumped where and potassium is brought where?

A

sodium is pumped to the outside and potassium is brought inside

34
Q

secondary active transport symporters are

A

glucose and amino acids

35
Q

secondary active transport anti porters are

A

calcium and hydrogen

36
Q

transport molecules in the SAME direction across plasma membrane are called

A

symporters

37
Q

with co transport/symporters and anti porters, molecule 1 is moved __1_____the gradient while molecule 2 is actively transported __2_____ the gradient

A
  1. with (high to low)

2. against (low to high)

38
Q

sodium-glucose transport is an example of

A

symport or co-transport

39
Q

transport molecules in the OPPOSITE direction across the plasma membrane

A

antiporters

40
Q

example of antiporter

A

sodium-calcium antiporter in cardiac muscle

41
Q

glucose transport occurs by?

A

facilitated diffusion and secondary active transport

42
Q

active transport of glucose is used when glucose concentration in cell is

A

higher than extracellular

43
Q

secondary active transport in glucose transport uses

A

sodium-glucose transport proteins (SGLT)

44
Q

absorption of glucose into the Si happens when sodium and glucose are transported

A

into the enterocyte/cell (symport/co-transport)

45
Q

energy for absorption of glucose into the SI is derived from

A

electrochemical gradient of sodium created by sodium-potassium ATPase

46
Q

4 steps of glucose active transport

A
  1. sodium binds carrier protein
  2. glucose binds carrier protein
  3. carrier proteins release glucose and sodium into enterocyte
  4. sodium is pumped out of enterocyte and potassium is pumped in using ATP
47
Q

GLUTs transport glucose from high to low concentration in

A

facilitated diffusion of glucose

48
Q

rate of transport of glucose in facilitated diffusion is based on

A

amount of glucose available and # of GLUT proteins

49
Q

GLUT 2 proteins are able to transport in

A

both directions across membranes

50
Q

GLUT 2 proteins are located in

A

intestines

51
Q

GLUT 4 proteins are located in

A

muscle and adipose tissue

52
Q

insulin-INsensitive facilitated transport of glucose requires

A

concentration gradient of glucose

53
Q

insulin-INsensitive facilitated transport of glucose uses which proteins?

A

GLUT 1, 2, 3, and 4

54
Q

insulin-INsensitive facilitated transport of glucose is found in?

A 
most tissue
RBC
WBC
liver
brain cells 
etc
55
Q

after a sugar rich meal, glucose =

A

active transport & facilitated diffusion

56
Q

GLUT 2 transports glucose, galactose and fructose

A

out of enterocyte and into portal blood

57
Q

more carbs eaten =

A

more GLUT 2 in apical membrane

58
Q

GLUT 2 concentrations increased in response to?

A

diet

59
Q

insulin-sensitive facilitated transport of glucose is found in

A

skeletal muscle
adipose tissue
intestinal epithelia

60
Q

insulin-senstive facilitated transport of glucose uses which proteins?

A

GLUT 2 and 4

61
Q

following insulin secretion, insulin pulls GLUT2 from ______ & ________ to decrease glucose absorption

A

brush border & basolateral membrane

62
Q

beta cells are destroyed and no insulin is released in

A

type 1 diabetes

63
Q

insulin resistance= failure of cells to listen to insulin

A

type 2 diabetes

64
Q

following insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes insulin regulation of GLUT2 does or does not function in insulin resistance?

A

does NOT

65
Q

most drugs must be transported to

A

target tissue

66
Q

the vast majority of drugs use the __________ to move throughout the body

A

circulatory system

67
Q

solute carriers (SLCs) can be used to transport both

A

xenobiotic and non-xenobiotic drugs

68
Q

ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs) use

A

primary active transport

69
Q

SLCs of drug transport mostly transport

A

INTO cells

70
Q

ABCs of drug transport mostly transport

A

OUT of cells

71
Q

which type of ABC transporter is the most well understood involved in multi drug resistance?

A

ABCB1

72
Q

expression of ____ is upregulated in response to the presence of cell death inducing ______

A

ABCB1, chemicals/drugs

73
Q

what can also interfere with other substrates in transports under normal conditions?

A

ABCB1 upregulation

74
Q

The Sodium-Potassium ATPase pump is an example of a _____ -class transporter

A

P-class

75
Q

transmembrane proteins that bind to specific compounds and translate a signal/message into a cell are called

A

receptors

76
Q

What drives the transport of glucose via SGLT transport proteins?

A

ion gradient of sodium

77
Q

Which type of membrane transport gate is controlled by the charge across the cell membrane?

A

voltage gated

cell physiology Palmer (1 decks)

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