Exam 2 Flashcards
Approach that emphasis on collaboration
Constructivist approach
Critique of the Constructivist Approach
Not enough attention to content of discipline, too vague
The process by which children and adolescents socialize their parents, just as parents socialize them
reciprocal socialization
two people
dyadic
More than 2 people
polyadic
Who is more likely to be act as a manager, mothers or fathers
mothers
What do parents help adolescents with
find information, make contacts, help structure choices, provide guidance
restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the adolescent to follow directions and to respect work and effort. Firm limits and controls are placed on the adolescent, and little verbal exchange is allowed
authoritarian parenting
A style encouraging adolescents to be independent but still placing limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give and take is allowed and parents are warm and nurturant toward the adolescent
Authoritative
Varying patterns of behavior that parents display as they interact with the discipline of their children
Parenting Styles
What are the two dimensions of parenting styles
demandingness/control
responsiveness/acceptance
A style in which the parent is very uninvolved in the adolescent’s life.
Neglectful parenting
A style in which parents are highly involved with their adolescents but place few demands or controls on them
Indulgent parenting
Parenting style associated with adolescents’ socially incompetent behavior
Authoritarian parenting
Style of parenting associated with adolescents’ socially competent behavior
Authoritative parenting
Style of parenting that is associated with adolescents’ social incompetence especially a lack of self-control
Neglectful parenting
Style of parenting that is associated with adolescents’ social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control
indulgent parenting
Style of parenting that has high demandingness and high responsiveness
Authoritative
Type of parenting style that has high demandingness and low responsiveness
Authoritarian
Type of parenting that has high responsiveness but low demandingness
indulgent parenting
Type of parenting that has low responsiveness and low demandingness
neglectful
What is the quality that most Americans want to promote in their child
independence
What are the limitations of the parenting style research
research was conducted with middle-class, white families
What are parents in Latino and Asian cultures influenced by
collectivistic goals
What type of parent are Latino, Asian American and African American parents more likely to be classified as
authoritarian
What ethnicity is more likely to use physical punishment
African American
Why is there more parent-adolescent conflict than in childhood?
Because of biological, cognitive and social changes
What percent of teens have high conflict with parents
20-25%
What is most conflict over
mundane, everyday matters
A study of 64 high school students showed that they had conflict with their parents how often
once every 3 days
Who does the adolescent have more conflict with, the mother or the father
mother
A persons rank by age among his or her brothers and sisters
Birth order
Traits of firstborn children
Intelligent, achieving, conscientious
Traits of later born children
Rebellious, liberal, agreeable
Traits of only children
Achievement orientated and positive personality dimensions
What is the percent of first time marriages that end in divorce
40%
How does divorce affect and adolescence adjustment
Poor adjustment compared to individuals from non-divorced families
Does the number of divorces affect adjustment
Multiple divorces equal greater risk of adjustment problems
Children appraise marital conflict in terms of their sense of security and safety in the family
Emotion security theory
Rate of maternal employment
More than one in two mothers of children under five
more than 2 in 3 children between 6 and 17
Benefits of maternal employment
Less gender stereotyping and more egalitarian views of gender
A teacher centered approach characterized by teacher direction and control mastery of academic skills high expectations for students and maximum time spent on learning tasks
Direct instruction approach
Critiques of direct instruction approach
Turn students into passive learners
Limits critical and creative thinking
What type of approach do effective teachers use
Combination of both approaches
Mandate that states ensure that all students achieve academic proficiency. Required schools to create and enforce academic standards by annually testing students
No Child left behind act 2002
What did advocates of no Child left behind say
Improved test performance
High expectations for all students
Identification of poorly performing schools, teachers and administrators
What did the critics of no Child left behind say
Use of a single test is too narrow of a view of students skills
Encourages teaching to the test
Actually lowered achievement standards
The circumstance of moving from the top position in elementary school to the lowest position in middle school
Top dog phenomenon
What are changes that are documented as students transition to middle school
Girls self-esteem declines,
grades and achievement scores declines
motivation and engagement decrease
discipline problems increase
Mismatch between the needs of developing adolescents and the opportunities afforded by school
Person environment fit
Four recommendations for improving middle schools
Develop smaller communities make it less impersonal
Lower student to counselor ratio
Involve parents and community leaders
Teachers teach team and curriculum blocks
What is the main concern of high school
School drop out
What are the three reasons students drop out
School related reasons
Personal reasons
Economic reasons
What are the four most effective programs for reducing dropout rates
Early reading programs
Tutoring
Counseling
Mentoring
Example of an exemplar program
I have a dream program
What is related to teens higher grades and better school attendance
High expectations
What is high parental involvement link to
Higher likelihood of getting As and lower likelihood of repeating a grade or getting expelled
Compared to schools and higher income areas schools and lower income areas tend to have the following five things
Students with low achievement test scores
Low graduation rates
Small percentage of students going to college
Non-qualified teachers
Rely on substitute teachers
A learner-centered approach that emphasizes the adolescent’s active cognitive construction of knowledge and understanding with guidelines from the teacher
Constructivist
A classroom strategy in which students from different cultural backgrounds are placed in a cooperative group in which, together, they have to construct different parts of a project to reach a common goal
jigsaw classroom
education that values diversity and includes the perspectives of a variety of cultural groups
multicultural education
Compared to White students, African American and latino students
less likely to be enrolled in college prep programs
more likely to be in remedial and special ed programs
Asian american students are more likely to
be in advanced math and science classes
African American students are more likely to
have more school suspensions
School bullying is a type of aggression in which
the behavior is intended to harm or disturb
the behavior occurs repeatedly over time
imbalance of power
What are the 3 types of bullying
Physical
verbal
relational
What are the ways in which we study bullying
surveys
peer nominations
observations
experiments
Age difference in bullying
Overall, bullying tends to decrease with age
When does bullying peak
right after middle school transition
Psychosocial consequences for victims of bullies
depressive symptoms, loneliness, low self-worth, suicidal ideation
What are the physical consequences of bullying
victims are 2.4 times more likely to report headaches and stomachaches compared to non-victims
What are the academic consequences of bullying
feel less safe at school, more absences, lower GPA
Consequences for bullies
Social standing and self-concept are markedly better than victims
in middle school bullying may increase popularity
What is being a bully linked to
low grades, smoking and drinking alcohol
2.5 times more likely to have an offense later in life
Consequence of being a bully-victim
more physically aggressive
more harshly victimized
least likely to experience parental support, peer friendships, or school success
What is the problem with interventions that only target bullies
anti-social youth encourage problematic behavior
affiliation among deviant peers facilitates deviance training
What is the school wide approach to prevent school bullying
includes the role of bystanders
promotes empathy and perspective-taking in the curriculum
increased supervision in hallways, bathrooms, etc
Internal motivational factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort
intrinsic motivation
External motivational factors such as rewards and punishments
extrinsic motivation
optimal life experience that occurs most often when people develop a sense of mastery and are absorbed in a state of concentration when they are engaged in an activity
flow
The theory that in their effort to make sense of their own behavior or performance, individuals are motivated to discover its underlying causes
attribution theory
An outlook in which individuals focus on the task rather than on their ability; they concentrate on learning strategies and the process of achievement instead of the outcome
mastery orientation
An outlook in which individuals seem trapped when experiencing difficulty and attribute their difficulty to a lack of ability. This orientation undermines performance.
helpless orientation
An outlook in which individuals are focused on winning rather than their achievement outcome.
performance orientation
The cognitive view either fixed or growth that individuals develop for themselves
mindset
The belief that one can master a situation and produce a positive outcome
Self-efficacy
Students who have a low perceived level of their own skill and a low perceived level of challenge
Apathy
Students who have a high perceived level of their own skill and a low perceived level of challange
Boredom
Students who have a low perceived level of their own skill and a high perceived level of challange
anxiety
Students who have a high perceived level of their own skill and a high perceived level of challange
flow
What are the 4 frequently inferred causes of failure in attribution theory
ability
effort
task ease
luck
qualities can not change
fixed mindset
What is self efficacy linked to
persistance
Individuals who are usually older and more experienced and are motivated to improve the competence and character of a younger person
mentor
what is the link between socioeconomic status and ethnicity
socioeconomic status predicts achievement better than ethnicity
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative sterotype
stereotype threat
qualities can change and improve with effort
growth mindset
individuals who are about the same age or maturity level
peers
what is the function of peers
provide information about the world outside of family
What is a common misconception about peer influance
that it is negative. It can be both negative and positive
When does conformity to peer standards peak
8th to 9th grade
Why is conformity especially likely among teens
unsure of their social identity
low self-esteem and/or high levels of social anxiety
in a transitional period
in presence of someone of perceived higher status
Children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers
popular
the extent to which children and adolescents are liked or disliked
sociometric status
Children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers
average children
Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
neglected children
Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
rejected children
Children who are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked
controversial children
What are neglected children like
little peer interaction
described as shy
What are rejected children like
mare maladjusted than neglected children
especially problematic if agressive
Thoughts on social matters
social cognition
What is social cognition linked to
popularity but not academic achievement
What does poor social information processing lead to
ambiguous situations can be interpreted as hostile and can cause agression
Characteristics of cliques
small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5 to 6 individuals
Members are usually of the same sex and are similar in age
can form because of similar interests and also purely from friendship
Characteristics of crowds
larger than cliques
Adolescents are usually members of a crowd based on reputation and may or may not spend much time together.
In regards to gender what do studies show about peer attachment
girls show high peer attachment than boys
In regards to gender what do studies show about group size
boy are more likely than girls to associate in a large cluster
In regards to gender what do studies show about interaction in a same sex group
boys engage in competition, conflict, ego displays, and risk taking to seek dominance.
Girls are more likely to engage in collaborative discourse in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner
A subset of peers who engage in mutual companionship, support and intimacy
Friends
Familiar partner to spend time with
companionship
physical and emotional support
support
Trusting relationship with self- disclosure
intimacy
What does a lack of friends lead to
loneliness and lowered self worth
characteristics of friendships during the teen years
fewer # of friends
more intimate and intense
What is considered intimacy in friendship
self-disclosure or sharing of private thoughts
The tendency to associate with similar others
similarity or homophily
Functions of dating
form of recreation source of status and achievement socialization process learn about intimacy sexual experimentation and exploration companionship identity formation and development mate sorting and selection
At what are is same sex activity initiated
girls 14 to 18
boys 13 to 15
Why are same sex youth more likely to have same sex sexual experiences than they are to have same sex romantic relationships
limited opportunities and social disapproval
What are the 3 stages of the development of a romantic relationship
1) entry into romantic attractions and affiliations
2) Exploring romantic relationship
3) consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
Stage of romantic relationship development that has intense interest in romance and dating. Dating usually occurs in a group setting
Stage one entry into romantic attractions and affiliations
Stage of romantic relationship that has casual dating and tends to be short lived. Dating is in groups and friends may act as facilitators
Stage 2 Exploring romantic relationship
Stage of romantic relationships where the romantic relationship is more serious, stable and enduring
Stage 3 consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
Age for stage one of romantic relationship development
11-13
Age for stage two romantic relationship development
14-16
Age for stage three romantic relationship development
17-19
11-13 year olds with romantic relationship experience
early bloomers
17-19 year olds with no romantic relationship experience or relationships have not lasted more than 4 months
late bloomers
Love that has a strong sexual and infatuation components also called passionate love or eros. Predominates in the early part of a love relationship
romantic love
Love in which an individual desires to have another person near and has a deep, caring affection for that person; also called companionate love
affectionate love
A stereotyped pattern of role prescriptions for how individuals should sexually behave
sexual scripts
What is a females main reason for being sexually active
love, male pressure, to get a boyfriend, curiosity, sexual desire
Male sexual script
make sexual advances
What are the protective factors for sexual activity
closeness, support and responsiveness of family and spirituality
What are risk factors of sexual activity
substance use, attention problems and self-regulation
Teens reasons for not using contraception
lack of planning
lack of access
lack of knowledge
