Exam 2 Flashcards
What are gender stereotypes of emotion?
EMOTION AND GENDER
Men- Emotionally muted
Women- more emotional
What is Dr. Spock’s historical perspective?
EMOTION AND GENDER
- Girls: encouraged to cry/be emotional
- Boys: encouraged to display anger
What was the Condry and Condry study?
Question: How do infants react to being startled?
EMOTION AND GENDER
-video tape infants reactions , had parents rate emotions of infants
What were the findings from Condry and Condry study?
Question: How do infants react to being startled?
EMOTION AND GENDER
-Found: startle response didn’t differ
BUT
-Girls rated more fearful
-Boys rated as more angry/determined
What was Robyn Fivush’s study?
EMOTION AND GENDER
conversation between mother’s and children
topic: Discuss emotional event
Findings from Robyn Fivush’s study
EMOTION AND GENDER
Key finding: difference in how moms spoke to sons/daughters
- sons: one negative emotion- anger
- daughters: many different emotional states, used rich emotional vocab
Subjective: Do men & women differ in emotional responses in lab?
EMOTION AND GENDER
YES if: rating emotion directly, -public display of emotion, -around other people, -reporting general feelings NO if: emotion assessed indirectly, -Private experience, -When alone, -reporting specific emotions
Subjective Report: Conclusions
EMOTION AND GENDER
- Differences Context dependent
- greater difference in emotion expression than emotional experience
Subjective: Future Research
EMOTION AND GENDER
-Disentangle
emotional landscape of men and women from influence of expectations
Behavioral: Indicators
(Kring & Gordon (1998)
EMOTION AND GENDER
General: women> men - in behavioral expressions of emotions
Physiological: Findings
(Kring & Gordon, 1998)
EMOTION AND GENDER
- No difference in brain (amygdala, prefrontal cortex)
- no difference in autonomic physiology (skin, conductance, heart rate.)
*****Emotion and Gender: Future research
EMOTION AND GENDER
Aim:
Background/What is laughter?
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
- emerged 4 million years ago, before language,
- series of exhalations
- exhale= heart rate decreases
- decreased heart rate cues parasympathetic nervous system (“rest and digest” system)
Laughter: What else is happening in the body?
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
- 15 facial muscles contract
- Larynx partially closed, so air intake irregular
- tear ducts can activate
- Endorphins released
Laughter Dictionary-
developed by Bachorowski (2002, 2003)
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
Types of laughs: cackle, hisses, pants, snorts, grunts, songlike laughs
Laughter Dictionary- Voiced Laughs vs Unvoiced Laughs
(Bachorowski)
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
- Voiced laughs- (vocal cord vibration) elicits positive emotion
- Unvoiced laugh- elicits negative emotion, no affiliative
Why is Laughter Good for us?
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
-build friendship/social bonds
-promotes recovery from negative emotion
(ie reduce; muscle tension, stress hormones, negative emotion)
What was Laughter Experiment: Frederickson & Levenson (1998)
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
Two part video:
First video- man almost fall off high ledge: elicit fear
Second video- puppies playing: elicit laughter
-measure physiological responses
Findings from the Laughter Experiment: Frederickson & Levenson (1998)
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
-Findings: People who laughed more in second film- faster return to baseline physiological levels
Crying: Is it healthy?
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
Context Dependent:
-60-70% report crying cathartic
BUT Lab study: researchers showed sad films–> made people cry–> took measurements
-found people felt worse/ showed more physiological arousal with sad films
Crying: Is it healthy when already in sad emotional state?
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
- depressed–> crying–> less improvement after crying
- high anxiety less likely feel better after crying
Crying: Gender Differences?
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
Women cry more frequently and intensely than men.
Physiological: Is Touch rewarding?
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
Brain: Touch feels good
- associated with activation of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), –> encoding reward behavior
- OFC associated with self reported pleasantness
- touch activates neural regions associated with reward
Touch is soothing: benefits of 15 minute Swedish massage
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
- associated with decrease in cortisol
- increase oxytocin (love hormone)
- (method- drew blood during massage)
Touch is soothing: Study- 16 married women awaiting electric shock in fMRI (Coan )
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
3 condition: -alone -stranger holding hand -Husband holding hand Results: hand holding-decreased activity in amygdala & even more so it husband holding hand
Touch: Study- Infants heel lance for blood
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
conditions: -held/touched by mom -no touch Results if touched -62% less cried -65% less grimaced -lower heart rate
Touch increases cooperation: Petition-signing Study
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
Participants asked to sign petition on local issue
Touch: 81% signed
Not Touch:55% signed
Touch increases cooperation: Medical Compliance Study
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
-medical compliance study
med practitioner touches patient while communicating importance of medicine
-people touched more likely to take medicine
Touch: Soothing and Cooperation
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
introduce new object 1 year
- if (+) touch, infant more likely approach object
- if touch (-)infant more likely pull back
Emotions communicated through touch
EMOTION BEHAVIOR
Communicated-
fear, anger, disgust, love gratitude, sympathy
Not communicated-
pride, envy, embarrassment
What is Psychophysiology
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
General Definition: Study of psychological phenomena as revealed through physiology
-broader than brain study- focuses on (PNS)
Importance of Psychophysiology
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Physiology tells us something different than self-reports
- info outside conscious awareness, social desirability
Limitations of Psychoshysiology
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
- methods difficult/expensive
- lack of clarity of what results tell us
- i.e. hear rate elevate- does that mean anger? excitement? fear?
What is the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)?
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
-facilitates energy expenditure
What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)?
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
-facilitates energy storage
Measurement Tools: Electrocardiogram
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
-measures HR
how?- electrodes on skin
Measurement Tools: Skin Conductance
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
measure sweat how? -Indirectly, by applying current and measuring conductance, more sweat increases conductance (pure measure of SNS activity) -lie detector test
Measurement Tools: Respiration
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
measure breathing frequency
-how?
Respiration belt placed our chest, amount of respiration measured by how much belt moves
Measurement Tools:
Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
measure HR fluctuates or remains constant, how much HR influenced by PNS
how?
variety of tools
goal: non invasive
Define: Neuroscience and 2 types of Neuroscience
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
Study of the biological basis of mental processes and behavior
1) Affective neuroscience
2) Behavioral neuroscience
What is a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)?
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
- tracks blood/oxygen
- measures function
Define: Limbic System and 3 Main Parts
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
Supports many function- emotion and behavior
1) Amygdala
2) Hypothalamus
3) Hippocampus
Define: Amygdala
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
-influence aggression and fear
Amygdala Cat study
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
- Electrically stimulate one part of normally calm cats amygdala–> aggressive reaction
- Stimulate another part–> extreme fear
Define: Hypothalamus
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
Influences motivational and emotional behavior including
- Eating
- Drinking
- Body Temperature
- Aggression
- Sexual behavior
- Four F’s
What are the Four F’s of the Hypothalamus?
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
1) Fighting
2) Feeding
3) Fleeing
4) Fornicating
Limitations: Limbic System
(LeDoux, 1990’s)
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
Some structures not involved in emotion & others not specific to emotion
What is Neuroplasticity?
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions
Benefits of meditation and neuroplasticity?
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
link between meditation and physical/emotional health
- inflammation
- happiness, compassion
- depressive symptoms -anxiety
Who is Richard Davidson?
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
Pioneer in affective neuroscience (meditation study)
Social Dimension of Emotion: Are intense emotions usually about just us?
EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
No. Emotions are usually connected to others.
Positive Emotion increase helping behavior:
Examples of Positive mood inductions
EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
- Success on a small task
- Receiving cookie/candy
- Finding a dime
- Soothing music
- Receiving a free sample -Pleasant pictures
- Receiving praise
- Good weather
- Remembering positive events
Positive Emotion increase helping behavior:
Examples of Helping Behavior
EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
- Mail a lost letter
- Pick up dropped items
- Donate/solicit for charity -Give positive advice
- Make a phone call for a stranger
Three Theories: Why would positive mood increase helping behavior?
EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
- Focus of attention
- Focus on own good fortune promotes good will towards others - Social outlook
- Cheered by interpersonal event; triggers prosocial values - Mood maintenance
- Keep the good feelings coming
Define: Emotion as information
EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
- emotional expression helps others know emotions, beliefs intentions
- ie facial expression interpret others feelings/thoughts
Define: Emotion as reinforcement
EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
- Emotion serves as incentive/deterrent for others’ behavior
- ie children behavior- kids repeat actions if given smile (reward), stop actions if frown
Define: Emotional Reciprocity
EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
-Emotions evoke reciprocal reactions in others Sympathy evoked by -embarrassment -guilt distress Anger evoke fear
Conflict in Romantic Relationships: Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Gottman)
EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
- Criticizing
- Defensiveness
- Stonewalling
- Contempt
Emotion and Groups
Study: Same scenario/different relationship status: Two people feeding one another french fry video
EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
1/2 Subjects told they were couple
1/2 told they are co-workers
Disgust: Co-worker> romantic
Same activity but different relationship
Emotion and Groups Status: High vs. Low
EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
High status: More freedom in emotions
Low Status: Less so (e.g. cant express anger)
Self vs other Judgements for Moral Situation: Results?
EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
Difference for all emotions for self and other
• Individuals predict they would feel more negative emotion
